{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:34:56Z","timestamp":1767206096531,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) endure an asymmetrically high burden of worldwide disease and death caused by chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), i.e., asthma, emphysema, bronchiectasis, and post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD). CRDs are firmly related with indigence, infectious diseases, and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and add to complex multi-disease with great impact on the lives and livelihood of those affected. The pertinence of CRDs to health and demographic wellbeing is relied upon to increment in the long time ahead, as expectations of life rise and the contending dangers of right on time youth mortality and irresistible infections level. The WHO has distinguished the counteraction and control of NCDs as an earnest improvement issue and crucial for the sustainable development goals (SDSs) by 2030. In this review, we center on CRDs in LMICs. We examine the early life roots of CRDs, challenges in their avoidance, identification and administration in LMICs, and the pathways to resolve for accomplish valid widespread wellbeing inclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.757089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1645423233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["RETRACTED: Revamping of Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ling-Hui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musaddique","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahzada Khurram","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Saadullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qurratulain","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajida","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tehreem","family":"Fayyaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mobeen","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saira","family":"Shaukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najia","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Barkat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ximei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Low and Middle Income Countries. The World Bank"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31992-5","article-title":"NCD countdown 2030: worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards sustainable development goal target 3","volume":"392","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","author":"Global","year":"2015"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0306-9","article-title":"Acting on non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income tropical countries","volume":"559","author":"Ezzati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31907-3","article-title":"The lancet NCDI poverty commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion","volume":"396","author":"Bukhman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S438","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201602-112AW","article-title":"Lung development and aging","volume":"13","author":"Bush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30434-4","article-title":"Lung function in early adulthood and health in later life: a transgenerational cohort analysis","volume":"5","author":"Agust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207401","article-title":"Determinants of early-life lung function in African infants","volume":"72","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30204-8","article-title":"Ethnicity and spirometric indices: hostage to tunnel vision?","volume":"7","author":"Agrawal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.147041","article-title":"Forced vital capacity, airway obstruction and survival in a general population sample from the USA","volume":"66","author":"Burney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204460","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality and prevalence: the associations with smoking and poverty\u2014a BOLD analysis","volume":"69","author":"Burney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e613","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30070-1","article-title":"Mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity in individuals with impaired FEV1 (PURE): an international, community-based cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Duong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201601-0188OC","article-title":"Lung function in African infants in the drakenstein child health study. Impact of lower respiratory tract illness","volume":"195","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Care Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201804-0694OC","article-title":"Prenatal household air pollution is associated with impaired infant lung function with sex-specific effects. Evidence from graphs, a cluster randomized Cookstove intervention trial","volume":"199","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152128","article-title":"Associations of antenatal maternal psychological distress with infant birth and development outcomes: results from a South African birth cohort","volume":"96","author":"MacGinty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00414","article-title":"Structural factors responsible for universal health coverage in low-and middle-income countries: results from 118 countries","volume":"7","author":"Ranabhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511691","article-title":"Benefits and risks of antiretroviral therapy for perinatal HIV prevention","volume":"375","author":"Fowler","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206590","article-title":"Lung consequences in adults born prematurely","volume":"70","author":"Bolton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202001-0016OC","article-title":"Respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes in survivors of extremely preterm birth at 19 years","volume":"202","author":"Hurst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2017.1338949","article-title":"The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review","volume":"11","author":"Vanker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1222-8","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonality of common viral respiratory pathogens, including cytomegalovirus in children, between 0\u20135 years of age in KwaZulu-Natal, an HIV endemic province in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Famoroti","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-0542(04)90037-1","article-title":"Viral pneumoniae in children: incidence and aetiology","volume":"5","author":"Sinaniotis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.01.005","article-title":"Health consequences of environmental exposures: changing global patterns of exposure and disease","volume":"82","author":"Landrigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00096-5","article-title":"Aetiology of childhood pneumonia in a well vaccinated South African birth cohort: a nested case-control study of the drakenstein child health study","volume":"4","author":"Zar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.72.1.16","article-title":"Lung function, airway responsiveness, and respiratory symptoms before and after bronchiolitis","volume":"72","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2019.","year":"2018"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0244","article-title":"HIV-related bronchiectasis in children: an emerging spectre in high tuberculosis burden areas","volume":"16","author":"Masekela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis271","article-title":"Chronic lung disease in adolescents with delayed diagnosis of vertically acquired HIV infection","volume":"55","author":"Ferrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201612-1018OC","article-title":"Lung function in South African adolescents infected perinatally with HIV and treated long-term with antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Githinji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92577-7","article-title":"Infants in Juba, southern Sudan: the first twelve months of life","volume":"324","author":"Woodruff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1878-8","article-title":"Mapping child growth failure across low-and middle-income countries","volume":"577","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nat."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1039OC","article-title":"Obesity and airway dysanapsis in children with and without asthma","volume":"195","author":"Forno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207783","article-title":"Lung function in woodsmoke-exposed guatemalan children following a chimney stove intervention","volume":"71","author":"Heinzerling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212945","article-title":"Lung health and exposure to air pollution in Malawian children (CAPS): a cross-sectional study","volume":"74","author":"Rylance","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414123","article-title":"Association of improved air quality with lung development in children","volume":"372","author":"Gauderman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.145391","article-title":"How does diesel exhaust impact asthma?","volume":"66","author":"Balmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800467","article-title":"Self-reported truck traffic on the street of residence and symptoms of asthma and allergic disease: a global relationship in ISAAC phase 3","volume":"117","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s1103","article-title":"Diesel exhaust and asthma: hypotheses and molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"110","author":"Pandya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110504607","article-title":"Behavioural change, indoor air pollution and child respiratory health in developing countries: a review","volume":"11","author":"Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30144-5","article-title":"Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Faber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) Results","author":"IfH","year":"2017"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0397","article-title":"The GOLD summit on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"23","author":"Halpin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1361","article-title":"Prevalence of COPD in five Colombian cities situated at low, medium, and high altitude (PREPOCOL study)","volume":"133","author":"Caballero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2017.09.017","article-title":"Prevalence of COPD in 6 urban clusters in Argentina: the EPOC. AR study","volume":"54","author":"Echazarreta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67632-5","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study","volume":"366","author":"Menezes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61377-4","article-title":"International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study): a population-based prevalence study","volume":"370","author":"Buist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1807OC","article-title":"Noncommunicable lung disease in sub-Saharan Africa. A community-based cross-sectional study of adults in urban Malawi","volume":"194","author":"Meghji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2015.1041102","article-title":"Chronic airflow obstruction in a black African population: results of BOLD study, Ile-Ife, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Obaseki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0946-z","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its associated factors among adults in Abeshge District, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Woldeamanuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30060-2","article-title":"COPD beyond smoking: new paradigm, novel opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Agust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers","volume":"374","author":"Salvi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.03.007","article-title":"Airflow obstruction in never smokers in five Latin American cities: the PLATINO study","volume":"43","author":"Perez-Padilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Med Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1253","article-title":"COPD in never smokers: results from the population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study","volume":"139","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411532","article-title":"Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"373","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1149","article-title":"Diagnostic labeling of COPD in five Latin American cities","volume":"131","author":"T\u00e1lamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152266","article-title":"COPD underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis in a high-risk primary care population in four Latin American countries. A key to enhance disease diagnosis: the PUMA study","volume":"11","author":"Casas Herrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2535","article-title":"Determinants of underdiagnosis of COPD in national and international surveys","volume":"148","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(08)60016-6","article-title":"Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 5 Latin American cities: the PLATINO study","volume":"44","author":"Varela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2008.06.003","article-title":"Use of respiratory medication in five Latin American cities: the PLATINO study","volume":"21","author":"de Oca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0633","article-title":"Respiratory medication use in primary care among COPD subjects in four Latin American countries","volume":"21","author":"Jardim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjpcrm.2016.36","article-title":"Use of spirometry among chest physicians and primary care physicians in India","volume":"26","author":"Vanjare","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900914","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00914-2019","article-title":"It is time for the world to take COPD seriously: a statement from the GOLD board of directors","volume":"54","author":"Halpin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0034OC","article-title":"Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"186","author":"Divo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30364-9","article-title":"Exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic lung disease in LMICs: challenges and opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30513-7","article-title":"Calling time on asthma deaths in tropical regions\u2014how much longer must people wait for essential medicines?","volume":"7","author":"Asher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00138707","article-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary","volume":"31","author":"Bateman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Respir J."},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"The Global Asthma Report","author":"Network","year":"2018"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-211626","article-title":"Improving the global diagnosis and management of asthma in children","volume":"73","author":"Lenney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.12.0025","article-title":"Asthma as a hidden disease in rural China: opportunities and challenges of standard case management","volume":"2","author":"Kan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.097741","article-title":"British guideline on the management of asthma","volume":"63","author":"British","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901046","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01046-2019","article-title":"GINA 2019: a fundamental change in asthma management: treatment of asthma with short-acting bronchodilators alone is no longer recommended for adults and adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Reddel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Respir J."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715275","article-title":"As-needed budesonide\u2013formoterol versus maintenance budesonide in mild asthma","volume":"378","author":"Bateman","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901963","article-title":"Controlled trial of budesonide\u2013formoterol as needed for mild asthma","volume":"380","author":"Beasley","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31948-8","article-title":"Budesonide-formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild to moderate asthma (PRACTICAL): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Hardy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715274","article-title":"Inhaled combined budesonide\u2013formoterol as needed in mild asthma","volume":"378","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2769","article-title":"Association of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting \u03b2-agonists as controller and quick relief therapy with exacerbations and symptom control in persistent asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"319","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.12.0080","article-title":"Management of asthma in Benin: the challenge of loss to follow-up","volume":"3","author":"Ade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.13.0019","article-title":"Standard case management of asthma in Sudan: a pilot project","volume":"3","author":"El Sony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30327-4","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in India: results from the European multicentre bronchiectasis audit and research collaboration (EMBARC) and respiratory research network of India registry","volume":"7","author":"Dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01033-2015","article-title":"Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: a population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Quint","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Respir J."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0638-0","article-title":"Geographic variation in the aetiology, epidemiology and microbiology of bronchiectasis","volume":"18","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.11.008","article-title":"Aetiology in adult patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"101","author":"Shoemark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2014.04.016","article-title":"Lung disease in indigenous children","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801269","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01269-2018","article-title":"Treatable traits in bronchiectasis","volume":"52","author":"Boaventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v75i1.1295","article-title":"Airway clearance therapy in acute paediatric respiratory illness: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"Morrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Afr J Physiother."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000350917","article-title":"A systematic review of the association between pulmonary tuberculosis and the development of chronic airflow obstruction in adults","volume":"86","author":"Allwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respiration."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.12.016","article-title":"Tuberculosis and chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02325-2014","article-title":"Tuberculosis associates with both airflow obstruction and low lung function: BOLD results","volume":"46","author":"Amaral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Respir J."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161176","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence and pattern of imaging defined post-TB lung disease","volume":"11","author":"Meghji","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213808","article-title":"Patient outcomes associated with post-tuberculosis lung damage in Malawi: a prospective cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Meghji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1167-1","article-title":"Development of chronic lung impairment in Mozambican TB patients and associated risks","volume":"20","author":"Khosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00716-2016","article-title":"High burden of prevalent tuberculosis among previously treated people in Southern Africa suggests potential for targeted control interventions","volume":"48","author":"Marx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Respir J."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70881-3","article-title":"Empiric tuberculosis treatment in retreatment patients in high HIV\/tuberculosis-burden settings","volume":"14","author":"Balasegaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy544","article-title":"What if they don't have tuberculosis? The consequences and trade-offs involved in false-positive diagnoses of tuberculosis","volume":"68","author":"Houben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30309-3","article-title":"Long-term all-cause mortality in people treated for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Romanowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30691-6","article-title":"Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"18","author":"Dorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002472","article-title":"Estimated clinical impact of the Xpert MTB\/RIF ultra cartridge for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a modeling study","volume":"14","author":"Kendall","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000745","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2018-212555.379","article-title":"International research and guidelines on post-tuberculosis chronic lung disorders: a systematic scoping review","volume":"3","author":"van Kampen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0067","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis lung health: perspectives from the first international symposium","volume":"24","author":"Allwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B101","volume-title":"Management of Tuberculosis: a Guide to Essential Practice","author":"Dlodlo","year":"2020"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201772","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis","volume":"68","author":"Andr\u00e9jak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2137","article-title":"Use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD and the risk of TB and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"145","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203175","article-title":"Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of tuberculosis","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S146659","article-title":"A pre\u2013post intervention study of pulmonary rehabilitation for adults with post-tuberculosis lung disease in Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0471","article-title":"Should we consider a \u2018fourth 90'for tuberculosis?","volume":"23","author":"Harries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30518-3","article-title":"Long-term survival and cause-specific mortality of patients newly diagnosed with tuberculosis in S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil, 2010\u201315: a population-based, longitudinal study","volume":"20","author":"Ranzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B108","unstructured":"2010"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1513\/Annals,AT.S.201304-081O.T","article-title":"The American thoracic society methods in epidemiologic, clinical, and operations research program. A research capacity-building program in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"10","author":"Buist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B110","volume-title":"Assessing, National Capacity for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases.","year":"2012"},{"key":"B111","volume-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles.","year":"2018"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30410-4","article-title":"Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"20","author":"Troeger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2013.12.003","volume":"50","author":"Vazquez-Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201410-443AR","article-title":"Gaps in capacity for respiratory care in developing countries. Nigeria as a case study","volume":"12","author":"Obaseki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201612-953PS","article-title":"The African pediatric fellowship training program in pediatric pulmonology: a model for growing African capacity in child lung health","volume":"14","author":"Zar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2741","article-title":"The African pediatric fellowship program: training in Africa for Africans","volume":"137","author":"Wilmshurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32358","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/3545077e-aded-4eef-a460-be1edbd1845c","article-title":"A morbidity survey of South African primary care","volume":"7","author":"Mash","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000962","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000962","article-title":"The practical approach to care kit (PACK) guide: developing a clinical decision support tool to simplify, standardise and strengthen primary healthcare delivery","volume":"3","author":"Cornick","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k4451","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4451","article-title":"Empowering frontline providers to deliver universal primary healthcare using the practical approach to care kit","volume":"363","author":"Fairall","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B120","volume-title":"Implementation Tools: Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings","year":"2013"},{"key":"B121","volume-title":"IMAI District Clinician Manual: Hospital Care Adolescents and Adults: Guidelines for the Management of Illnessess With Limited-Resources","year":"2012"},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000957","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000957","article-title":"PACK child: the development of a practical guide to extend the scope of integrated primary care for children and young adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Picken","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001088","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001088","article-title":"Crossing borders: the PACK experience of spreading a complex health system intervention across low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"3","author":"Cornick","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001016","article-title":"Using a mentorship model to localise the practical approach to care kit (PACK): from South Africa to Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Wattrus","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001079","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001079","article-title":"Using a mentorship model to localise the practical approach to care kit (PACK): from South Africa to Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Awotiwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d2022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2022","article-title":"Outreach education for integration of HIV\/AIDS care, antiretroviral treatment, and tuberculosis care in primary care clinics in South Africa: PALSA PLUS pragmatic cluster randomised trial","volume":"342","author":"Zwarenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02455.x","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of educational outreach to primary care nurses to increase tuberculosis case detection and improve respiratory care: economic evaluation alongside a randomised trial","volume":"15","author":"Fairall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002178","article-title":"Educational outreach with an integrated clinical tool for nurse-led non-communicable chronic disease management in primary care in South Africa: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Fairall","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.1615","article-title":"Provision of palliative care in low-and middle-income countries: overcoming obstacles for effective treatment delivery","volume":"34","author":"Hannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0442","article-title":"An urgent need for african spirometry reference equations: the paediatric and adult African Spirometry study","volume":"23","author":"Masekela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2011.57","article-title":"Laboratory equipment maintenance: a critical bottleneck for strengthening health systems in sub-Saharan Africa?","volume":"33","author":"Fonjungo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-015-0033-7","article-title":"Assessment of a revolving drug fund for essential asthma medicines in Benin","volume":"8","author":"Agodokpessi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70229-4","article-title":"Operational research in low-income countries: what, why, and how?","volume":"9","author":"Zachariah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.14.0011","article-title":"The structured operational research and training initiative for public health programmes","volume":"4","author":"Ramsay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500762","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1500762","article-title":"Does the structured operational research and training initiative (SORT IT) continue to influence health policy and\/or practice?","volume":"11","author":"Tripathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-819","article-title":"Operational research capacity building using \u2018the union\/MSF'model: adapting as we go along","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445467","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1445467","article-title":"Operational research within a global fund supported tuberculosis project in India: why, how and its contribution towards change in policy and practice","volume":"11","author":"Sagili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12343","article-title":"Research to policy and practice change: is capacity building in operational research delivering the goods?","volume":"19","author":"Zachariah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0057","article-title":"Sustained research capacity after completing a structured operational research and training (SORT IT) course","volume":"6","author":"Guillerm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.14.0014","article-title":"What happens after participants complete a Union-MSF structured operational research training course?","volume":"4","author":"Guillerm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.15.0045","article-title":"Research output after participants complete a structured operational research and training (SORT IT) course","volume":"5","author":"Guillerm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.12.0022","article-title":"Operational research training: the course and beyond","volume":"2","author":"Bissell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555215","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1555215","article-title":"Building sustainable operational research capacity in Pakistan: starting with tuberculosis and expanding to other public health problems","volume":"12","author":"Fatima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Health Action."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu145","article-title":"Does migration affect asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema prevalence? Global findings from the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood","volume":"43","author":"Garcia-Marcos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207917","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"record-id":"44693"},{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207917","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.757089\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T09:37:54Z","timestamp":1712137074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.757089\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":145,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.757089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.757089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"article-number":"757089"}}