{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:30:42Z","timestamp":1791232242091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the long-term effects of the Wenchuan earthquake among adult survivors. Specifically, it explored the role of perceived social support (PSS) in the relationship between rumination and posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Data were collected from March to July 2020 using a youth survivor sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 476) of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Participants were divided into three groups depending on their age when the quake occurred: 6\u201311 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 227), 12\u201315 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 83), 16\u201319 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 166). The results indicated that long-term PTG and PTSD symptom levels varied by age group. Both intrusive and deliberate ruminations had a significant effect on PTG as well as PTSD symptoms. PSS played a mediating role between rumination and PTG, and the mediation mechanisms varied by age group (developmental stages). Moderated analyses revealed that PSS from significant others significantly buffered the indirect effect of rumination on PTSD symptoms. Our findings demonstrated the universal nature of traumatic events encountered during childhood and adolescence development and underscore the importance of examining the developmental context of PTG in investigations on traumatic experiences and their consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.764127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T07:51:53Z","timestamp":1641282713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Rumination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Wenchuan Earthquake Adult Survivors: A Developmental Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wenjian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704993","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1704993","article-title":"Rumination mediates the relationships of fear and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.69.6.1048","article-title":"Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault","volume":"69","author":"Frazier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psych."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.24.3.266","article-title":"Predictors of posttraumatic growth following bone marrow transplantation for cancer","volume":"24","author":"Widows","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704563","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1704563","article-title":"Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28698","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.28698","article-title":"Growing from experience: an exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in adolescent refugees","volume":"7","author":"Sleijpen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2013.819418","article-title":"Life satisfaction in people with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"22","author":"Karatzias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ment Health."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031985","article-title":"The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults","volume":"49","author":"Ogle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20216","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex-pows","volume":"20","author":"Solomon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.659","article-title":"Trajectories of PTSD: A 20-year longitudinal study","volume":"163","author":"Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-03002-3","article-title":"Mental disorder and PTSD in Syria during wartime: a nationwide crisis","volume":"21","author":"Kakaje","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121480","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121480","article-title":"The effects of extraversion, social support on the posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth of adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029","article-title":"Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic-The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma","volume":"132","author":"Hamam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"333","article-title":"Trauma and transformation: growing in the aftermath of suffering","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Constr Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011849","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011849.pub2","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the treatment of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries affected by humanitarian crises","volume":"7","author":"Purgato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01335","article-title":"The role of rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02131","article-title":"Mediating roles of gratitude and social support in the relation between survivor guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya'an Earthquake","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8947.1000178","article-title":"Post-traumatic growth in children and adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Vloet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress Dis Treat"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/johc.12121","article-title":"The influence of disruption of core beliefs, social support, and rumination on posttraumatic growth for Korean undergraduate students","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Humanist Couns."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000926","article-title":"Intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after a tornado","volume":"207","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01463.x","article-title":"Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by Hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the phenomenon and developmental considerations","volume":"81","author":"Kilmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.076","article-title":"The relationship between rumination, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among Chinese adolescents after earthquake: a longitudinal study","volume":"193","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000016","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth in children and youth: Clinical implications of an emerging research literature","volume":"84","author":"Kilmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"77","article-title":"A qualitative study exploring refugee minors' personal accounts of post-traumatic growth and positive change processes in adapting to life in the UK","volume":"3","author":"Sutton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Divers Health Soc Care."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Inq."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01720.x","article-title":"The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon","volume":"67","author":"Macksoud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800802317841","article-title":"Intrusive versus deliberate rumination in posttraumatic growth across US and Japanese samples","volume":"22","author":"Taku","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101910","article-title":"Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Moulds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023962332399","article-title":"An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression","volume":"27","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22548","article-title":"Catastrophizing, rumination, and reappraisal prospectively predict adolescent PTSD symptom onset following a terrorist attack","volume":"33","author":"Jenness","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","article-title":"A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20228","article-title":"Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"24","author":"Michael","year":"2007","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220454","article-title":"Perceived social support functions as a resilience in buffering the impact of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms via intrusive rumination and entrapment in firefighters","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/10402-006","article-title":"A social\u2013cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer","volume-title":"Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer","author":"Lepore","year":"2001"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2015.1055865","article-title":"Disclosure of war deployment experiences: a qualitative study of the relationship impact on military couples","volume":"3","author":"Nelson Goff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mil Behav Health."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028916","article-title":"A lifespan perspective on terrorism: age differences in trajectories of response to 9\/11","volume":"49","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000366","article-title":"Gender and age interact to predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following a motor vehicle accident","volume":"11","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23120","article-title":"The psychiatric sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents, adults, and health care workers","volume":"38","author":"Murata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0847-0","article-title":"A cross-sectional study to compare levels of psychiatric morbidity between young people and adults exposed to violence in a large urban center","volume":"16","author":"Jaen-Varas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1061-9","article-title":"Depression in youth exposed to disasters, terrorism, and political violence","volume":"21","author":"Kar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00232","article-title":"Depression scale scores in 8\u201317-year-olds: effects of age and gender","volume":"43","author":"Angold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.1.156","article-title":"Individual differences in the emergence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a longitudinal investigation of parent and child reports","volume":"111","author":"Cole","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01090.x","article-title":"Postdisaster emotional distress, depression and event-related variables: findings across child and adolescent developmental stages","volume":"36","author":"McDermott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200011000-00011","article-title":"Child-reported depression and anxiety in preadolescence: I. Associations with parent- and teacher-reported problems","volume":"39","author":"Mesman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.133","article-title":"Adolescent depressive symptoms as predictors of adult depression: moodiness or mood disorder?","volume":"156","author":"Pine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10206","article-title":"Sleep disturbance predicts posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms: a cohort study of Chinese adolescents","volume":"78","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3436","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth and psychological distress in Chinese early-stage breast cancer survivors: a longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychooncology."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)","volume":"34","author":"Blanchard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113541","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in healthcare workers after the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak: a survey of a large tertiary care hospital in Wuhan","volume":"294","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"44","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome evaluation scale for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2010.529901","article-title":"Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: the event related rumination inventory","volume":"24","author":"Cann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2014.01509","article-title":"The roles of rumination and social support in the associations between core belief challenge and post-traumatic growth among adolescent survivors after the Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychol Sin."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"52","author":"Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"160","article-title":"The correlation study of coping style, social support and psychosomatic symptoms of cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chin Ment Health J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3719","article-title":"Correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Shand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychooncology."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2013.791516","article-title":"Effects of three sources of social support on survivors' posttraumatic stress after the Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2019.1580254","article-title":"Religious coping, general coping strategies, perceived social support, PTSD symptoms, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti","volume":"22","author":"Mesidor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ment Health Relig Cult."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.05.026","article-title":"The effects of relocation and social support on long-term outcomes of adolescents following a major earthquake: a controlled study from Turkey","volume":"24","author":"Eray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000123","article-title":"Risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder 10 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population-based case-control study","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431615594460","article-title":"Social support seeking and early adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms: the moderating role of rumination","volume":"35","author":"V\u00e9lez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.764127\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T07:51:59Z","timestamp":1641282719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.764127\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.764127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.764127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"article-number":"764127"}}