{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:22:52Z","timestamp":1790882572799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Human faecal sludge contains diverse harmful microorganisms, making it hazardous to the environment and public health if it is discharged untreated. Faecal sludge is one of the major sources of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> that can produce extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in faecal sludge samples collected from faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> ESBL producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were screened by cultural as well as molecular methods and further characterized for their major ESBL genes, plasmid profiles, pathotypes, antibiotic resistance patterns, conjugation ability, and genetic similarity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Of 296 isolates, 180 were phenotypically positive for ESBL. All the isolates, except one, contained at least one ESBL gene that was tested (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u22121<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u22122<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u22128<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u22129<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u221215<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u221225<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>SHV<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>). From plasmid profiling, it was observed that plasmids of 1\u2013211 MDa were found in 84% (151\/180) of the isolates. Besides, 13% (24\/180) of the isolates possessed diarrhoeagenic virulence genes. From the remaining isolates, around 51% (79\/156) harbored at least one virulence gene that is associated with the extraintestinal pathogenicity of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, 4% (3\/156) of the isolates were detected to be potential extraintestinal pathogenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (ExPEC) strains. Additionally, all the diarrhoeagenic and ExPEC strains showed resistance to three or more antibiotic groups which indicate their multidrug-resistant potential. ERIC-PCR differentiated these pathogenic isolates into seven clusters. In addition to this, 16 out of 35 tested isolates transferred plasmids of 32\u2013112 MDa to <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> J53 recipient strain.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The present study implies that the faecal sludge samples examined here could be a potential origin for spreading MDR pathogenic ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. The exposure of Rohingya individuals, living in overcrowded camps, to these organisms poses a severe threat to their health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.783019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T08:47:08Z","timestamp":1639558028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["ESBL Producing Escherichia coli in Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants: An Invisible Threat to Public Health in Rohingya Camps, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Md. 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