{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:29:09Z","timestamp":1790803749225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common problem among older adults. This study investigated the prevalence of UI in nursing home residents aged \u226575 years in China and examined potential risk factors associated with UI and its subtypes. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews using a general questionnaire, the International Consultation Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form, and the Barthel Index. A total of 551 participants aged \u226575 years residing in Changsha city were enrolled from June to December 2018. The UI prevalence rate among nursing home residents aged \u226575 years was 24.3%. The most frequent subtype was mixed (M) UI (38.1%), followed by urge (U) UI (35.1%), stress (S) UI (11.9%), and other types (14.9%). In terms of severity, 57.5% had moderate UI, while 35.1% had mild and 7.5% had severe UI. Constipation, immobility, wheelchair use, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and pelvic or spinal surgery were significant risk factors for UI. Participants with a history of surgery had higher risks of SUI (odds ratio [OR] = 4.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55\u201315.30) and UUI (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.05\u20133.71), those who were immobile or used a wheelchair had higher rates of MUI (OR = 11.07, 95% CI: 4.19\u201329.28; OR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.16\u20139.78) and other UI types (OR = 7.89, 95% CI: 1.99\u201331.30; OR = 14.90, 95% CI: 4.88\u201345.50), those with CVD had a higher rate of UUI (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.17\u20134.34), and those with diabetes had a higher risk of UUI (OR = 2.250, 95% CI: 1.14\u20134.44). Use of oral antithrombotic agents increased UUI risk (OR = 4.98, 95% CI: 2.10\u201311.85) whereas sedative hypnotic drug use was associated with a higher risk of MUI (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.25\u201310.45). Each UI subtype has distinct risk factors, and elderly residents of nursing homes with a history of CVD and pelvic or spinal surgery who experience constipation should be closely monitored. Reducing time spent in bed and engaging in active rehabilitation including walking and muscle strengthening may aid in UI prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.788642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T05:01:09Z","timestamp":1638766869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Determinants of Urinary Incontinence and Subtypes Among the Elderly in Nursing Homes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23897","article-title":"The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction","volume":"38","author":"D'Ancona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4065\/71.1.93","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in the elderly population","volume":"71","author":"Chutka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00024","article-title":"Health care utilization and health care expenditure of Nepali older adults","volume":"7","author":"Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15157","article-title":"Report and research agenda of the American geriatrics society and national institute on aging bedside-to-bench conference on urinary incontinence in older adults: a translational research agenda for a complex geriatric syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Vaughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.09.006","article-title":"Predicting urinary incontinence in women in later life: A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Troko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","article-title":"Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2010.04.008","article-title":"Urinary incontinence","volume":"37","author":"Fong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim Care."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7292(03)00220-0","article-title":"Urinary incontinence as a worldwide problem","volume":"82","author":"Minassian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14028","article-title":"Relationship between urinary incontinence and quality of life of older persons in Malaysia","volume":"20","author":"Taufik Ramli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13170","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and mortality among older adults residing in care homes","volume":"73","author":"Dami\u00e1n","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245724","article-title":"Urgency urinary incontinence, loss of independence, and increased mortality in older adults: A cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15039","article-title":"Modelling factors of urinary incontinence in institutional older adults with dementia","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520931348","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520931348","article-title":"Association of urinary incontinence and depression or anxiety: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-04058-w","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review","volume":"31","author":"John","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20276","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in older adults","volume":"78","author":"Vaughan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20668","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in nursing home residents: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Offermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07341.x","article-title":"Urinary incontinence associated with dementia","volume":"43","author":"Skelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/010740839701700304","article-title":"Urinary incontinence among a 65-year old Swedish population: medical history and psychosocial consequences","volume":"17","author":"Bogren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vard Nord Utveckl Forsk."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-018-0102-y","article-title":"Association between urinary incontinence and frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Veronese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02135-8","article-title":"Prevalence and factors related to urinary incontinence in older adults women worldwide: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Batmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11443","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011443","article-title":"Association between parity and the risk for urinary incontinence in women: A meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2008.38.1.92","article-title":"Prevalence rate and associated factors of urinary incontinence among nursing home residents","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24437","article-title":"The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaires (ICIQ): An update on status and direction","volume":"39","author":"Uren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20041","article-title":"ICIQ: A brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence","volume":"23","author":"Avery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24121","article-title":"Perinatal incontinence: psychometric evaluation of the international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-urinary incontinence short form and wexner scale","volume":"38","author":"Slavin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.336.13748","article-title":"Association between body mass index and activities of daily living in homecare patients","volume":"33","author":"Ozturk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.02.115","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and overactive bladder in patients with heart failure","volume":"182","author":"Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2017.01.002","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of urinary incontinence in a cohort of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Poole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Lung."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2016.25.18.S14","article-title":"An overview of urinary incontinence","volume":"25","author":"Bardsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Nurs."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000580","article-title":"Impaired mobility and urinary incontinence in nursing home residents: A multicenter study","volume":"46","author":"Jachan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508089058","article-title":"A phase II exploratory cluster randomized controlled trial of a group mobility training and staff education intervention to promote urinary continence in UK care homes","volume":"22","author":"Sackley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0779-x","article-title":"Factors related to urinary incontinence among the Malaysian elderly","volume":"21","author":"Eshkoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-019-03941-w","article-title":"Constipation and risk of urinary incontinence in women: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23331","article-title":"A populational-based survey on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of urinary incontinence in older adults \u2013 results from the \u201cSABE STUDY\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Tamanini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00152192-200611000-00005","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and diabetes: A review","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.1999.0073","article-title":"Assessment and investigations for urinary incontinence","volume":"14","author":"Bristow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000666","article-title":"Lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary bother are common in patients undergoing elective cervical spine surgery","volume":"477","author":"Lieberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7172","article-title":"Insomnia in the elderly: A review","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60243-4","article-title":"Pharmacology of antithrombotic drugs: An assessment of oral antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments","volume":"386","author":"Mega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb0895-637","article-title":"The structural basis of aspirin activity inferred from the crystal structure of inactivated prostaglandin H2 synthase","volume":"2","author":"Loll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S241","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706401","article-title":"Antiplatelet drugs","volume":"147","author":"Born","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01119.2016","article-title":"Aspirin as a COX inhibitor and anti-inflammatory drug in human skeletal muscle","volume":"123","author":"Ratchford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114363","article-title":"PGE2 receptors in detrusor muscle: Drugging the undruggable for urgency","volume":"184","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13149","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary incontinence among women and analysis of potential risk factors in Germany and Denmark","volume":"96","author":"Schreiber Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000378","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and nocturia in older men: Associations with body mass, composition and strength in the Health ABC Study","volume":"202","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13035","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13035","article-title":"Body mass index and all-cause mortality in older adults: A scoping review of observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.788642\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T05:01:10Z","timestamp":1638766870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.788642\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2021.788642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.788642","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"article-number":"788642"}}