{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:28:26Z","timestamp":1753892906023,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the association between adiposity and plasma folate deficiency odds among women of reproductive age in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional survey on nutritional status among women of reproductive aged 18\u201330 years in 2005\u20132006 in China was conducted. General adiposity was defined as body mass index (BMI) \u226524 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and central adiposity was defined as waist circumference &amp;gt;80 cm. A plasma folate concentration &amp;lt;10.5 nmol\/L (measured through microbiological assay) was defined as plasma folate deficiency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for plasma folate deficiency were calculated using a logistic regression model, with adjustment for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3,076 women of reproductive age were included in the final analysis. Compared to women with normal BMI and WC, women with both general and central adiposity had the highest odds for plasma folate deficiency (OR = 3.107, 95% CI: 1.819\u20135.307). Women with exclusively central adiposity had excess odds for plasma folate deficiency (WC &amp;gt; 80 cm, BMI &amp;lt;24 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; OR = 2.448, 95% CI: 1.144\u20135.241), which was higher than women with exclusively general adiposity (BMI \u2265 24 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, WC \u2264 80 cm; OR = 1.709, 95% CI: 1.259\u20132.319). The combined use of BMI and WC can detect more women (11.7%) at higher plasma folate deficiency odds than either used alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with central adiposity in normal weight have higher odds for plasma folate deficiency than those with general obesity only. Early screening for central adiposity among women of reproductive age would be meaningful to prevent folate deficiency and improve life-cycle health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1000542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T07:31:31Z","timestamp":1665732691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Central adiposity increases the odds for plasma folate deficiency among Chinese women of reproductive age"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jinjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangbo","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jufen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030606","article-title":"Effects of preconception care and periconception interventions on maternal nutritional status and birth outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Lassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.05.004","article-title":"Folic acid and primary prevention of neural tube defects: a review","volume":"80","author":"van Gool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1117413","article-title":"Association between vitamin deficiency and metabolic disorders related to obesity","volume":"57","author":"Thomas-Vald\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.199117","article-title":"Obesity is associated with increased red blood cell folate despite lower dietary intakes and serum concentrations","volume":"145","author":"Bird","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"59","article-title":"Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults","volume":"8","author":"Kimmons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Gen Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-004-2253-z","article-title":"Body mass index and serum folate in childbearing age women","volume":"19","author":"Mojtabai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97635-3","article-title":"The effect of prepregnancy body mass index on maternal micronutrient status: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12724","article-title":"A systematic review of the vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine triad across body mass index: systematic review of B12 concentrations","volume":"19","author":"Wiebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.12.007","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are not associated with nutritional or weight status in older adults","volume":"116","author":"Soysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000602","article-title":"Obesity is associated with folate metabolism","volume":"90","author":"K\u00f6se","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33305","article-title":"Associations of general obesity and central obesity with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Korean population: a national population-based cohort study","volume":"148","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2017.04.035","article-title":"Association of general and abdominal obesity with hypertension, dyslipidemia and prediabetes in the PREDAPS study","volume":"71","author":"Sangr\u00f3s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602771","article-title":"Measures of adiposity and body fat distribution in relation to serum folate levels in postmenopausal women in a feeding study","volume":"62","author":"Mahabir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.201202","article-title":"Low serum vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations and low thiamin and riboflavin intakes are inversely associated with greater adiposity in Mexican American children","volume":"144","author":"Gunanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.02.012","article-title":"Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: a 12-year longitudinal examination","volume":"62","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22423","article-title":"Associations of BMI and waist circumference with all-cause mortality: a 22-Year cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7018-4","article-title":"Urban-rural-specific trend in prevalence of general and central obesity, and association with hypertension in Chinese adults, aged 18\u201365 years","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22620","article-title":"Prevalence of abdominal obesity in china: results from a cross-sectional study of nearly half a million participants","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"399","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity: unique hazard of the toxic waist","volume":"65","author":"Bosomworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.04.008","article-title":"Body mass index, waist circumference, and mortality risks over 27 years of follow-up in old age","volume":"46","author":"O'S\u00failleabh\u00e1in","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020004851","article-title":"Association between tea drinking and plasma folate concentration among women aged 18\u201330 years in China","volume":"36","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"volume-title":"Chinese Food Composition, 2004","year":"2004","author":"Yang","key":"B22"},{"journal-title":"The Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Adults","year":"2006","key":"B23"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.341","article-title":"Verification of the cut-off waist circumference for defining central obesity in Chinese adults","volume":"137","author":"Zhai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol."},{"volume-title":"Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes in China","year":"2004","key":"B25"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"481","article-title":"The cut-off value of waist-to-height ratio in detecting central obesity in Chinese adult population (In Chinese)","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Prev Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.4.344","article-title":"Microbiological assay on microtitre plates of folate in serum and red cells","volume":"45","author":"O'Broin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"210","article-title":"Comparative study of the detection of plasma folate with microbial assay and radioimmunoassay (In Chinese)","volume":"36","author":"Hao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.11836\/JEOM21386","article-title":"Trends and epidemic characteristics of overweight and obesity among adults aged 18-35 in 15 provinces (autonomous regions\/municipalities) of China from 1989 to 2018","volume":"39","author":"HAO","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Occup Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-327","article-title":"Increasing trends in central obesity among Chinese adults with normal body mass index, 1993-2009","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000756","article-title":"Serum and red-blood-cell folate demonstrate differential associations with BMI in pregnant women","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018000459","article-title":"Association between pre-pregnancy weight status and maternal micronutrient status in early pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Scholing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0165-0","article-title":"Relation of body mass index to blood folate and total homocysteine concentrations in Japanese adults","volume":"50","author":"Nakazato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1658","article-title":"Association between body mass index and folate insufficiency indicative of neural tube defects risk among nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States, NHANES, 2007\u20132010","volume":"112","author":"Manandhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41986-5","article-title":"Temporal trends in normal weight central obesity and its associations with cardiometabolic risk among Chinese adults","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00572-6","article-title":"Low folate intake and serum levels are associated with higher body mass index and abdominal fat accumulation: a case control study","volume":"19","author":"Mlodzik-Czyzewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.08.053","article-title":"Relation of changes in body fat distribution to oxidative stress","volume":"120","author":"Kelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R086975","article-title":"Determinants of body fat distribution in humans may provide insight about obesity-related health risks","volume":"60","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"519","article-title":"Plasma \u03c9-3 fatty acid levels negatively and \u03c9-6 fatty acid levels positively associated with other cardiovascular risk factors including homocysteine in severe obese subjects","volume":"21","author":"Mehmetoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2012-1544","article-title":"Homocysteine levels in morbidly obese patients: its association with waist circumference and insulin resistance","volume":"52","author":"Vay\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0079-8","article-title":"Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in normal-weight individuals","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1154","article-title":"Novel insights on interactions between folate and lipid metabolism","volume":"40","author":"da Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofactors."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1000542\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T07:31:50Z","timestamp":1665732710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1000542\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1000542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1000542","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"article-number":"1000542"}}