{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:43:52Z","timestamp":1766159032170,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global incidence of genital <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection increased rapidly as the primary available treatment of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection being the use of antibiotics. However, the development of antibiotics resistant stain and other treatment failures are often observed in patients. Consequently, novel therapeutics are urgently required. Rhein is a monomer derivative of anthraquinone compounds with an anti-infection activity. This study investigated the effects of rhein on treating <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection. Rhein showed significant inhibitory effects on the growth of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in multiple serovars of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, including D, E, F and L1, and in various host cells, including HeLa, McCoy and Vero. Rhein could not directly inactivate <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> but could inhibit the growth of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> by regulating pathogen-host cell interactions. Combined with azithromycin, the inhibitory effect of rehin was synergistic both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Together these findings suggest that rhein could be developed for the treatment of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1002029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T06:07:26Z","timestamp":1664172446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rhein inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection by regulating pathogen-host cell"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xueying","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhida","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangli","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinyuan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaohua","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171872","article-title":"Begovac J","volume":"24","author":"Gjurasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.05.002","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract: an update","volume":"100","author":"Mackern-Oberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02329","article-title":"Chlamydial infection from outside to inside","volume":"10","author":"Gitsels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010127","article-title":"Chronic inflammatory diseases at secondary sites ensuing urogenital or pulmonary chlamydia infections","volume":"8","author":"Cheok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414531243","article-title":"Risk for HIV following a diagnosis of syphilis, gonorrhoea or chlamydia: 328,456 women in Florida, 2000-2011","volume":"26","author":"Peterman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420947587","article-title":"Co-infection between genotypes of the human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in Mexican women","volume":"31","author":"Escarcega-Tame","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-9-30","article-title":"High prevalence of hpv multiple genotypes in women with persistent chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"9","author":"Seraceni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.999041","article-title":"Treatment of Chlamydial infections: 2014 update","volume":"16","author":"Kohlhoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.219159","article-title":"Consensus by Chinese expert panel on chlamydia trachomatis-resistant and chlamydia trachomatis-persistent infection","volume":"130","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for disease control and prevention. 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