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Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of the urban environment on human health is a contemporary subject of environmental research. Air pollution is often considered a leading environmental driver. However, a plethora of other factors within the urban exposome may be involved. At the same time, the resolution of spatial data is also an important facet to consider. Generally, systematic tools for accurate health risk assessment in the urban environment are missing or are not implemented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The long-term impact of air quality (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, benzene, and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) on respiratory and cardiovascular health was assessed with a log-linear model. We used the most accurate health data in high city scale spatial resolution over the period 2010 to 2018. Selected external exposome parameters were also included in the analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Statistically significant associations between air pollution and the health of the urban population were found. The strongest association was between benzene and the incidence of bronchitis in the adult population [RR 1.552 95% CI (1.415\u20131.704) per 0.5 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> change in benzene concentration]. A similar relation was observed between NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and the same health condition [RR 1.483 95% CI (1.227\u20131.792) per 8.9 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> of change in NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>]. Other weaker associations were also found between asthma in children and PMs, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, or benzene. Cardiovascular-related hospitalizations in the general population were linked with NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> [RR 1.218 95% CI (1.119\u20131.325) per 9.7 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> change in NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>]. The remaining pollutants were slightly less but still significantly associated with cardiovascular-related hospitalizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings are mostly highly statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.001) and are in line with current literature on the adverse effects of air pollution on the human population. The results highlight the need for continual improvements in air quality. We propose the implementation of this approach as a systematic tool for the investigation of possible health risks over a long period of time. However, further research involving other variables is an essential step toward understanding the complex urban exposome and its implications for human health. An increase in data spatial resolution is especially important in this respect as well as for improving city health risk management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1006536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1668088406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["City-scale assessment of long-term air quality impacts on the respiratory and cardiovascular health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Libor","family":"\u0160ulc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Gregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Kalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Mike\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Jano\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"\u010cupr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment of Exposure and Burden of Disease","year":"2016"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.08.011","article-title":"Human health risks in megacities due to air pollution","volume":"44","author":"Gurjar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos Environ."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Air Quality in Europe - 2020 report, EEA Report.2020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70279-1","article-title":"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)","volume":"14","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306755-erratum","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory infections during early childhood: an analysis of 10 European birth cohorts within the ESCAPE project","volume":"122","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000135","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmokers by occupation and exposure: a brief review","volume":"21","author":"Bang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.05.028","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, lung function, and airway responsiveness in asthmatic children","volume":"137","author":"Ierodiakonou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2199","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and chronic bronchitis in a cohort of U.S","volume":"126","author":"Hooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Women. 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