{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:31:08Z","timestamp":1790274668468,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate the refractive status and prevalence of refractive error, as well as its characteristics in Chinese preschool children aged 1\u20136 years old.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population-based cross-sectional study\u2014Changsha Children Eye Study (CCES) was conducted. The prevalence of refractive errors among children aged 1\u20136 years old from 18 community health service centers was surveyed. A handheld child vision screener, Suowei, was used for examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 43,105 preschool children were included. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) was 0.42 \u00b1 1.05 D for the right eyes. The mean astigmatism (diopter of cylinder, DC) was \u22120.83 \u00b1 1.02 D for the right eyes. The magnitude of refractive error was lower in older children, indicating the ongoing of the emmetropization during the 1\u20136-year-old children. The prevalence of myopia (SE \u2264 \u22121.00 D), hyperopia (SE \u2265 +2.00 D) and astigmatism (DC \u22651.50 D) was 2.94, 13.8 and 17.6%, respectively. The prevalence of myopia decreased with the increase of age between the six age groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001). The prevalence of hyperopia was lower in 5\u20136 years old, whereas, the prevalence of myopia was slightly higher at this period of time. With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism (+ cylinder axis 90\u00b0 \u00b1 15\u00b0) was the most prevalent type of astigmatism than against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism (+ cylinder axis 180\u00b0 \u00b1 15\u00b0) and oblique (OBL) astigmatism (<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>= 209.5,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.001). The binary logistic regression model showed that older age and suffering astigmatism were independently associated with the development of myopia. In addition, there was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our population-based cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in preschool children aged 1\u20136 years old. The distribution of the refractive error was disperse in the younger group and gradually turned more centralized in older group. Similar to hyperopia, with age increased, the prevalence of myopia was lower in preschool children younger than 5 years old and then slightly increased at 5\u20136 years, which may indicate an early sign of myopia in school-age children. Therefore, we emphasize that more attention should be given to the children at this age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1019816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T05:49:35Z","timestamp":1669096175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of refractive error among Chinese preschool children: The Changsha children eye 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