{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:23:25Z","timestamp":1789071805322,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiac injury has received considerable attention due to the higher risk of morbidity and mortality associated with coronavirus disease. However, in a developing country, there is a scarcity of data on cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients related to inflammatory biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, the present research retrospectively analyzes data from three territorial hospitals in Pakistan's Punjab province to investigate the potential impact of the cardiac injury on the mortality and severity of COVID-19-infected patients. We evaluated 2,051 patients between January 16 and April 18, 2022, with confirmed COVID-19. The in-hospital mortality recorded for the selected sample size was about 16.28%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of the participants were identified as male (64%) with a median age of 65 years. Also, fever, fatigue, and dyspnea were reported as common symptoms. An aggregate of 623 patients (30.38%) had a cardiac injury, and when these patients are compared to those without cardiac injury, the participants were significantly older and had more comorbidities with higher leukocyte counts, elevated levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, procalcitonin, myohemoglobin, creatinine kinase-myocardial band, serum creatinine, high-sensitivity troponin-I, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide had a significant amount of multiple ground-glass opacity and bilateral pulmonary infiltration in radiographic results. Participants with heart injury required more non-invasive or invasive mechanical respiration than those who did not have a cardiac injury. Individuals with cardiac injury had higher rates of sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), d-dimer concentration, and respiratory failure than those without cardiac injury. Patients who had had a cardiac injury died at a higher rate than those who had not suffered cardiac damage. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, participants with cardiac injury showed greater odds of COVID-19 mortality and were found associated with older age (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 0.04\u20133.19), elevated cardiac troponin I (OR = 18.64, 95% CI = 13.16\u201323.01), the complication of sepsis (OR = 10.39, 95% CI = 7.41\u201313.39) and ARDS (OR = 6.65, 95% CI = 4.04\u20138.91).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiac injury is a frequent complication among patients with coronavirus-induced infection in Punjab, Pakistan, and it is significantly linked to a greater risk of in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1024535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T08:28:43Z","timestamp":1669278523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inflammatory biomarkers and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erum","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Anisur","family":"Rahaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01424-5","article-title":"First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights","volume":"48","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111468","article-title":"Association of mortality-related risk factors in patients with covid-19: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan WJ Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9663","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47980","article-title":"Myocardial injury and COVID-19: Serum hs-cTnI level in risk stratification and the prediction of 30-day fatality in COVID-19 patients with no prior cardiovascular disease","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1023229","article-title":"Does the intubation timeline affect the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients? 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