{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:27:49Z","timestamp":1753892869368,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 Phobia Scale is an instrument for measuring the phobia of coronavirus. It has a stable four-factor structure and good reliability and validity in other countries and regions. In order to expand related research, this study aims to test the reliability and validity of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale in Chinese adolescents with depressive symptoms. The C19P-SC was translated into Chinese by the method of forward and back translation and tested in 1933 Chinese adolescents with depressive symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to test and compare the four-factor model of the C19P-SC. Then we tested the measurement invariance of the C19P-SC across gender and time. Finally, the reliability was measured with the McDonald's omega coefficients. Consistent with previous studies, the C19P-SC showed a stable four-factor structure. The results showed that ESEM was better than CFA and more reasonable. In addition, the results of multi-group ESEM showed that the C19P-SC met the strict invariance at male and female and partial longitudinal strict invariance. The Mcdonald's omega coefficients of the C19P-SC total scale and each subscale reached the expected acceptable level. In short, the reliability and validity index of C19P-SC has reached an acceptable level, and the measurement invariance of different genders and different time points was established, but the cross-factor phenomenon of individual items was abnormal, and a further revision and testing are still needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1026294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T08:06:09Z","timestamp":1664870769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale in depressive symptoms sample during COVID-19 closure: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaodan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2002125","article-title":"Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19-Studies needed","volume":"382","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Announcement of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China2020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"journal-title":"Notice on Issuing the Guiding Principles for Emergency Psychological Crisis Intervention in the Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia Epidemic","year":"2020","key":"B5"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30046-8","article-title":"Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed","volume":"7","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102196","article-title":"Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak","volume":"70","author":"Asmundson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110108","article-title":"The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S)","volume":"164","author":"Arpaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6925","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak perceptions of risk and stress evaluation in nurses","volume":"10","author":"Bukhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009156","article-title":"Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience","volume":"136","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15870.1","article-title":"Mapping population mental health concerns related to COVID-19 and the consequences of physical distancing: a Google trends analysis","volume":"5","author":"Knipe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/jkfu3","article-title":"Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Harper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152191","article-title":"Stress and anxiety among university students in France during COVID-19 mandatory confinement","volume":"102","author":"Husky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30080-8","article-title":"Adolescent depression: from symptoms to individualised treatment?","volume":"7","author":"Furukawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiat."},{"volume-title":"Report on National Mental Health Development in China (2019\u20132020)","year":"2021","author":"Fu","key":"B16"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Clinical effect of sensory integration therapy on adolescent depression","author":"Quan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese J Rehabilitation Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13240","article-title":"Early childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and teen depression symptoms in the U.S","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28655\/n.cnki.nrmrb.2020.005185","author":"State","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fighting COVID-19: China in action. People's Daily."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.16835\/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.04.028","article-title":"Depression and anxiety and assciated factors among college students returned to campus during the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Sch Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2020.0068","article-title":"The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telemed J e-health."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00523-0","article-title":"The persian version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (Persian-C19P-S) and the differences in COVID-19-related phobi creactions in patients with anxiety disorders","volume":"20","author":"Ardestani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1848945","article-title":"COVID-19 phobia in the United States: validation of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-SE)","volume":"46","author":"Arpaci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Death Studies."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073747","article-title":"Validation of the Korean version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (K-C19PS)","volume":"18","author":"Seong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019227","article-title":"A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling","volume":"22","author":"Marsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008204","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling","volume":"16","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008220","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students' evaluations of university teaching","volume":"16","author":"Marsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282911406651","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue: moving beyond traditional psychometric approaches","volume":"29","author":"Sass","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282911406653","article-title":"Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"29","author":"Schmitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2013.00934","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM): an integration of EFA and CFA","volume":"21","author":"Mai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282911406657","article-title":"Methodological measurement fruitfulness of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM): new approaches to key substantive isues in motivation and engagement","volume":"29","author":"Marsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.02.009","article-title":"Investigating the factorial invariance of the 28-item DBQ across genders and age groups: an exploratory structural equation modeling study","volume":"48","author":"Mattsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024122","article-title":"Construct validity of the multidimensional structure of bullying and victimization: an application of exploratory structural equation modeling","volume":"103","author":"Marsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019225","article-title":"Longitudinal tests of competing factor structures for the rosenberg self-esteem scale: traits, ephemeral artifacts, and stable response styles","volume":"22","author":"Marsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.33.6.779","article-title":"Coaching efficacy and exploratory structural equation modeling: a substantive-methodological synergy","volume":"33","author":"Myers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.10.002","article-title":"Analysis of the factor structure of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in Spanish secondary-school students through exploratory structural equation modeling","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Carracedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Rev."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-3710.2004.06.018","article-title":"Statistical remedies for common method biases","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci."},{"volume-title":"Mplus user's guide (8th ed.)","year":"2017","author":"Muth\u00e9n","key":"B40"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020539","article-title":"Decomposing model fit: measurement vs. theory in organizational research using latent variables","volume":"96","author":"O'Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.07.010","article-title":"Brief report: testing measurement invariance and differences in self-concept between adolescents with and without physical illness or developmental disability","volume":"36","author":"Ferro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-008-9102-z","article-title":"Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma","volume":"74","author":"Revelle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychometrika."},{"volume-title":"Test theory: A unified treatment","year":"1999","author":"McDonald","key":"B46"},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Jamovi (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]\n            JamoviProject\n          2022"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing data: our view of the state of the art","volume":"7","author":"Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods."},{"volume-title":"Using SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference","year":"2010","author":"George","key":"B49"},{"volume-title":"Using Multivariate Statiatics (5th ed.)","year":"2007","author":"Tabachnick","key":"B50"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling: an integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"10","author":"Marsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"p. 395","article-title":"Exploratory structural equation modeling","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course","author":"Morin","year":"2019"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.11847\/zgggws1136967","article-title":"Influencing factors of depression tendency among high school students: a nested case-control study","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Public Health."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1141357","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on parent\u2013child conflict and child depression through late adolescence","volume":"47","author":"Samek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p. 281","DOI":"10.1037\/10222-009","article-title":"Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: applications in the substance use domain","author":"Widaman","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Science of Prevention: Methodological Advances From Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3303_5","article-title":"Group differences in regression intercept: Implication for factorial invariance","volume":"33","author":"Millsap","year":"1998","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1026294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T08:06:28Z","timestamp":1664870788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1026294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1026294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1026294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2565"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"article-number":"1026294"}}