{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:19:52Z","timestamp":1776424792153,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, many buildings in northeast China have had clusters of infected cases in the vertical layout. There is speculation that vertical aerosol transmission occurs. The houses in northeast China are airtight, and range hoods may be used for a long period of time when cooking. The pathway and factors influencing vertical aerosol transmission are worth studying. To elucidate a viral aerosol transmission pathway, we selected a multistory apartment and a high-rise building in Changchun city, Jilin province, China, to conduct an in-depth investigation and on-site simulation experiments. According to epidemiological investigation information on infected cases, building structures, drainage, ventilation, etc., we used fluorescent microspheres to simulate the behaviors of infected people, such as breathing and flushing the toilet after defecation, to discharge simulated viruses and track and monitor them. The field simulation experiment confirmed the transmission of fluorescent microsphere aerosols to other rooms in two types of buildings using a vertical aerosol transmission pathway of toilet flush-sewage pipe-floor drain without a water seal. Our study showed that, in the absence of a <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>-shaped trap or floor drain water seal whether in a multistory apartment or high-rise residential building, there is a transmission pathway of \u201cexcretion of virus through feces-toilet flushing-sewage pipe-floor drain without water seal,\u201d which will cause the vertical transmission of viral aerosol across floors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the negative pressure generated by turning on the range hood when closing doors and windows increase aerosol transmission. Based on this negative pressure, prevention and control measures for residential buildings in northeast China during the COVID-19 pandemic were proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1052610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T16:39:15Z","timestamp":1673627955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Research on the relationship between architectural features in northeast China and vertical aerosol transmission of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianzhuo","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongqun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0928","article-title":"Probable evidence of fecal aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a high-rise building","volume":"173","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab598","article-title":"Covid-19 cluster linked to aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via floor drains","volume":"225","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31532","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031532","article-title":"Simulation studies provide evidence of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a multi-story building via air supply, exhaust and sanitary pipelines","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.108","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission through vertical sanitary drains in high-rise buildings \u2014 Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, March 2022","volume":"4","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040","article-title":"Risk factors and on-site simulation of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the largest wholesale market of Beijing, China","volume":"778","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.176","article-title":"Field simulation of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a special building layout \u2014 Guangdong Province, China, 2021","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(73)90006-2","article-title":"The Collison nebulizer: Description, performance, and application","volume":"4","author":"May","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2015.1059736","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the performance of a Collison nebulizer generating H1n1 influenza aerosols","volume":"29","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30245-9","article-title":"Small droplet aerosols in poorly ventilated spaces and SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"8","author":"Somsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respirat Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-021-1386-6","article-title":"Aerosol transmission, an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: Case study of a department-store cluster","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci Eng."},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"ZhouJ\n          Study to Determine the Reasonable Exhaust Volume and Flue in the Form of Residential Kitchens Impact on the Flow of Exhaust2014"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112338-20211208-00961","article-title":"Survey of possible aerosol transmission of a COVID-19 epidemic caused by 2019-nCoV delta variant","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.05.022","article-title":"Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises","volume":"64","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12639","article-title":"Effect of ventilation improvement during a tuberculosis outbreak in underventilated university buildings","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109781","article-title":"Airborne route and bad use of ventilation systems as non-negligible factors in SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"141","author":"Correia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107633","article-title":"Investigation of potential aerosol transmission and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 through central ventilation systems","volume":"197","author":"Pease","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.035","article-title":"Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 associated with an outbreak in an apartment in Seoul, South Korea, 2020","volume":"104","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.033","article-title":"Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"China CDC weekly."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11297-8","article-title":"The bioaerosols emitted from toilet and wastewater treatment plant: A literature review","volume":"28","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.06.003","article-title":"Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12678","article-title":"Size-resolved dynamics of indoor and outdoor fluorescent biological aerosol particles in a bedroom: A one-month case study in Singapore","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108705","article-title":"Size-resolved splashed cooking oil droplets from 1 to 1,000 \u03bcm on surfaces: The impact of residential range hoods","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0869-5","article-title":"Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009","article-title":"Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e652","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1283","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 patients in earlier stages exhaled millions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 per hour","volume":"72","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2020.1616","article-title":"Breathing is enough: For the spread of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 by breathing only","volume":"33","author":"Scheuch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1777906","article-title":"Experimental aerosol survival of SARS-CoV-2 in artificial saliva and tissue culture media at medium and high humidity","volume":"9","author":"Smither","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23698","article-title":"Respiratory virus RNA is detectable in airborne and droplet particles","volume":"85","author":"Gralton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716561115","article-title":"Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community","volume":"115","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41632","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.13.20041632","article-title":"The infectious nature of patient-generated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol","volume":"2020","author":"Santarpia","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.025","article-title":"Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients","volume":"100","author":"Lednicky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.16241\/j.cnki.1001-5914.2014.11.027","article-title":"Research on inhalation rate of Chinese adults","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Health."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01780-9","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and viral kinetics during SARS-CoV-2 human challenge in young adults","volume":"28","author":"Killingley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107788","article-title":"Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build Environ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1052610\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T16:39:23Z","timestamp":1673627963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1052610\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1052610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1052610","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"article-number":"1052610"}}