{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T22:00:58Z","timestamp":1773093658870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-aged children in the post-COVID-19 era.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from 25,644 children aged 7 to 12 years in 48 elementary schools in Tianjin. The comprehensive examination included height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), refraction, and calculation of BMI, with a follow-up visit after 6 months. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) \u2264-0.50 diopter (D). Bivariate correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between anthropometric indicators (height, weight, BMI, SBP, and DBP) and refraction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean changes in height, weight, BMI, SBP, DBP, and SER of the participants were 4.03 \u00b1 2.18 cm, 3.10 \u00b1 2.39 kg, 0.45 \u00b1 1.16 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, 2.26 \u00b1 14.74 mmHg, 2.18 \u00b1 11.79 mmHg and \u22120.17 \u00b1 0.51 D, respectively. Overall, height, weight, BMI, SBP, and DBP were all correlated with SER (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.324, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.234, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.121, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.112, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.066, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and changes in height and weight were correlated with changes in SER (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.034, \u22120.031, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the association of BMI, SBP, and DBP with SER was significant in myopic children but not in non-myopic children. The association between changes in weight and changes in SER was only present in non-myopic children but not in myopic children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Height and weight were negatively correlated with SER in both cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal changes, indicating that children's height, weight and growth rate may be used as a reference indicator for myopia risk prediction and myopia progression monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1059465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T05:27:53Z","timestamp":1674019673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations between anthropometric indicators and refraction in school-age children during the post-COVID-19 era"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wenzheng","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kadiya","family":"Abudukeyimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanzhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxian","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuehan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1220-0","article-title":"Review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide","volume":"20","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.13","article-title":"Effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties","volume":"8","author":"Kalkan Akcay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2019.12.008","article-title":"Change in body height, axial length and refractive status over a four-year period in caucasian children and young adults","volume":"13","author":"Kearney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Optom."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.141047","article-title":"Relationship of lifestyle and body stature growth with the development of myopia and axial length elongation in Taiwanese elementary school children","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-1316-6","article-title":"Factors associated with myopia in korean children: korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016-2017 (knhanes Vii)","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10106","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and its association with body stature and educational level in 19-year-old male conscripts in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"53","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09429-3","article-title":"Early effects of the covid-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the US","volume":"20","author":"Dunton","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2020.08.008","article-title":"The potential impact of the covid-19 pandemic on child growth and development: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00912-4","article-title":"Changes in weight and height among chinese preschool children during covid-19 school closures","volume":"45","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22813","article-title":"Covid-19-related school closings and risk of weight gain among children","volume":"28","author":"Rundle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720514","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.720514","article-title":"The impact of study-at-home during the covid-19 pandemic on Myopia progression in Chinese children","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.37","article-title":"Covid-19 Home quarantine accelerated the progression of myopia in children aged 7 to 12 years in China","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.1449","article-title":"New cases of myopia in children","volume":"130","author":"Kleinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103056","article-title":"The dynamic evolution mechanism of public health risk perception and the choice of policy tools in the post-epidemic era: evidence from China","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10402","article-title":"The relationship between growth spurts and myopia in singapore children","volume":"53","author":"Yip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7949","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7684","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of axial length and height are associated and concomitant in children","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.004","article-title":"Body stature growth trajectories during childhood and the development of myopia","volume":"120","author":"Northstone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027212","article-title":"Associations between anthropometric indicators and both refraction and ocular biometrics in a cross-sectional study of chinese schoolchildren","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4424","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0077","article-title":"Effect of stature and other anthropometric parameters on eye size and refraction in a population-based study of australian children","volume":"46","author":"Ojaimi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817882","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.817882","article-title":"Correlation between increase of axial length and height growth in chinese school-age children","volume":"9","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181622602","article-title":"Axial length, corneal radius, and age of myopia onset","volume":"85","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Blanco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence of crystalline lens thinning in children","volume":"36","author":"Zadnik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000267651","article-title":"Influence of bFGF as a potent growth stimulator and tgf-beta as a growth regulator on scleral chondrocytes and scleral fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Seko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"778","article-title":"Ocular expression of avian thymic hormone: changes during the recovery from induced myopia","volume":"15","author":"Rada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1064","article-title":"Visual deprivation stimulates the exchange of the fibrous sclera into the cartilaginous sclera in chicks","volume":"73","author":"Kusakari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.16.2072","article-title":"Indian hedgehog signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and is essential for bone formation","volume":"13","author":"St-Jacques","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9629","article-title":"Function for hedgehog genes in zebrafish retinal development","volume":"220","author":"Stenkamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Biol."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1408","article-title":"Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children","volume":"43","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1237","article-title":"The relationship between ocular dimensions and refraction with adult stature: the tanjong pagar survey","volume":"42","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2007.01638.x","article-title":"Association between stature, ocular biometry and refraction in an adult population in rural myanmar: the meiktila eye study","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18926-2","article-title":"An epidemiological study of the risk factors associated with myopia in young adult men in Korea","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207690","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207690","article-title":"The high prevalence of myopia in korean children with influence of parental refractive errors: the 2008-2012 korean national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310292","article-title":"Environmental factors explain socioeconomic prevalence differences in myopia in 6-year-old children","volume":"102","author":"Tideman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13101024","article-title":"Associations between body mass index and visual impairment of school students in central China","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.3.12","article-title":"Performance of photoscreener in detection of refractive error in all age groups and amblyopia risk factors in children in a tribal district of Odisha: the Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (Toes) # 3","volume":"7","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-1026-8","article-title":"Comparison of the Plusoptix S09 and Spot Vision Photorefractor to Cycloretinoscopy","volume":"39","author":"Dikkaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14710","article-title":"Distribution of ocular biometry in young chinese eyes: the anyang university students eye study","volume":"99","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1059465\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T05:28:00Z","timestamp":1674019680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1059465\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1059465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1059465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"article-number":"1059465"}}