{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:33:09Z","timestamp":1789572789594,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental resources are related to childhood obesity risk and altered brain development, but whether these relationships are stable or if they have sustained impact is unknown. Here, we utilized a multidimensional index of childhood neighborhood conditions to compare the influence of various social and environmental disparities (SED) on body mass index (BMI)-brain relationships over a 2-year period in early adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were gathered the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2,970, 49.8% female, 69.1% White, no siblings). Structure magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), anthropometrics, and demographic information were collected at baseline (9\/10-years-old) and the 2-year-follow-up (11\/12-years-old). Region of interest (ROIs; 68 cortical, 18 subcortical) estimates of cortical thickness and subcortical volume were extracted from sMRI T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>w images using the Desikan atlas. Residential addresses at baseline were used to obtain geocoded estimates of SEDs from 3 domains of childhood opportunity index (COI): healthy environment (COI<jats:sub>HE<\/jats:sub>), social\/economic (COI<jats:sub>SE<\/jats:sub>), and education (COI<jats:sub>ED<\/jats:sub>). Nested, random-effects mixed models were conducted to evaluate relationships of BMI with (1) ROI <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> COI<jats:sub>[domain]<\/jats:sub> and (2) ROI <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> COI<jats:sub>[domain]<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> Time. Models controlled for sex, race, ethnicity, puberty, and the other two COI domains of non-interest, allowing us to estimate the unique variance explained by each domain and its interaction with ROI and time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Youth living in areas with lower COI<jats:sub>SE<\/jats:sub> and COI<jats:sub>ED<\/jats:sub> scores were heavier at the 2-year follow-up than baseline and exhibited greater thinning in the bilateral occipital cortex between visits. Lower COI<jats:sub>SE<\/jats:sub> scores corresponded with larger volume of the bilateral caudate and greater BMI at the 2-year follow-up. COI<jats:sub>HE<\/jats:sub> scores showed the greatest associations (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20 ROIs) with brain-BMI relationships: youth living in areas with lower COI<jats:sub>HE<\/jats:sub> had thinner cortices in prefrontal regions and larger volumes of the left pallidum and Ventral DC. Time did not moderate the COI<jats:sub>HE<\/jats:sub> x ROI interaction for any brain region during the examined 2-year period. Findings were independent of family income (i.e., income-to-needs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collectively our findings demonstrate that neighborhood SEDs for health-promoting resources play a particularly important role in moderating relationships between brain and BMI in early adolescence regardless of family-level financial resources.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1061049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T05:18:24Z","timestamp":1671081504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Access to quality health resources and environmental toxins affect the relationship between brain structure and BMI in a sample of pre and early 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