{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:30:34Z","timestamp":1792596634004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014103","name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate anisometropia's prevalence and associated factors in school-aged children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted in Shandong Province, China, including children aged 4 to 17 from 9 schools. Anisometropia was defined as the differences between the two eyes in spherical equivalent (SE) or cylinder degree of 1.00 diopter (D) or more [SE or cylindrical (CYL) difference \u2265 1.00 D] after cycloplegic autorefraction. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze the effects of ocular parameters [the differences between eyes in axial length (AL), habitual visual acuity (HVA), and corneal astigmatism (CA)] and lifestyle parameters (time spent indoor near work and outdoor activities) on anisometropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total 4,198 (93.4%) of the 4,494 children were included in the statistical analysis. The mean difference in inter-eye SE was 0.42 \u00b1 0.61 D. The prevalence of anisometropia was 13.2% (95%CI: 12.1 to 14.2%) (SE anisometropia's prevalence:10.3%; CYL anisometropia's prevalence: 4.1%), increased with older age (OR = 1.10,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), the worse myopic eye (myopia vs. premyopia, OR = 1.87,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), the worse hyperopic eye (hyperopia vs. premyopia, OR = 1.77,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013), larger difference in inter-eye AL (0.1\u20130.3 vs. \u2264 0.1, OR = 1.67,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008; &amp;gt;0.3 vs. \u2264 0.1, OR = 28.61,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), HVA (&amp;gt;0.2 vs. \u2264 0.2, OR = 3.01,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), CA (OR = 6.24,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), the worse stereoacuity (&amp;gt;100 vs. \u2264 100, OR = 1.59,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), longer indoor near work time per day on weekends (4\u20138 vs. &amp;lt;4, OR = 1.41,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.038; \u22658 vs. &amp;lt;4, OR = 1.40,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.131), and shorter outdoor activity time per day on weekdays (\u22651 vs. &amp;lt;1, OR = 0.75,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.046) in multivariable analysis. In the SE anisometropia group, the difference in inter-eye AL (&amp;gt;0.3 vs. \u2264 0.1, \u03b2: 0.556, 95%CI: 0.050 to 1.063), HVA (&amp;gt;0.2 vs. \u2264 0.2, \u03b2: 0.511, 95%CI: 0.312 to 0.710), and CA (\u03b2: 0.488, 95%CI: 0.289 to 0.688), stereoacuity (&amp;gt;100 vs. \u2264 100, \u03b2: 0.299, 95%CI: 0.110 to 0.488) had a positive impact on the difference in inter-eye SE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular parameters and lifestyle parameters are associated with the occurrence of anisometropia in children aged 4 to 17 years, including the difference in inter-eye AL, HVA, CA, stereoacuity, indoor near work time, and outdoor activity time. Preventing myopia and early treating anisometropic amblyopia may be effective ways to reduce the prevalence of anisometropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T06:53:41Z","timestamp":1671692021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence of anisometropia and associated factors in Shandong school-aged children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zihang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingkun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.05.001","article-title":"The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia","volume":"36","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316406","article-title":"What can anisometropia tell us about eye growth?","volume":"105","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.08.014","article-title":"Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. 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