{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:03:00Z","timestamp":1784304180879,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement of hand grip strength (HGS) has been proposed as a key component of frailty and has also been suggested as a central biomarker of healthy aging and a powerful predictor of future morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>(a) To determine whether a nonlinear relationship model could improve the prediction of handgrip strength (HGS) compared to the linear model and (b) to propose percentiles to evaluate HGS according to age and sex for a regional population of Chile from infancy to senescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional descriptive study was developed in a representative sample of the Maule region (Chile). The volunteers amounted to 5,376 participants (2,840 men and 2,536 women), with an age range from 6 to 80 years old. Weight, height, HGS (right and left hand) according to age and sex were evaluated. Percentiles were calculated using the LMS method [(L (Lambda; asymmetry), M (Mu; median), and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no differences in HGS from 6 to 11 years of age in both sexes; however, from 12 years of age onwards, males presented higher HGS values in both hands (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The linear regression between age with HGS showed values of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.07 in males and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.02 in females. While in the non-linear model (cubic), the values were: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.50 to 0.51 in men and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.26 in women. The percentiles constructed by age and sex were: P5, P15, P50, P85, and P95 by age range and sex. This study demonstrated that there is a nonlinear relationship between chronological age with HGS from infancy to senescence. Furthermore, the proposed percentiles can serve as a guide to assess and monitor upper extremity muscle strength levels at all stages of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T06:51:15Z","timestamp":1674715875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Relationship between age and handgrip strength: Proposal of reference values from infancy to senescence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rossana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Vidal Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"de Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enio Ricardo Vaz","family":"Ronque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Urra-Albornoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Minango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Alvear-Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian de","family":"la Torre Choque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Felipe","family":"Castelli Correia de Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Sulla Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cossio-Bola\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_785_19","article-title":"Normative reference values on handgrip strength among healthy adults of Dhulikhel, Nepal: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Bimali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Primary Care."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023","article-title":"Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health","volume":"71","author":"Carson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw121","article-title":"Handgrip strength index predicts nutritional status as a complement to body mass index in Crohn's disease","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq117","article-title":"Objective measures of physical capability and subsequent health: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prospective urban rural epidemiology (PURE) study investigators. Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study","volume":"386","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114000147","article-title":"Biomarkers of healthy ageing: expectations and validation","volume":"73","author":"Martin-Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163917","article-title":"Strong or weak handgrip? NORMATIVE reference values for the german population across the life course stratified by sex, age, and body height","volume":"11","author":"Steiber","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00545-w","article-title":"Assessment of muscle function and physical performance in daily clinical practice","volume":"105","author":"Beaudart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.25318\/82-003-x201901000002-eng","article-title":"Normative-referenced percentile values for physical fitness among Canadians","volume":"30","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113637","article-title":"Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve British studies","volume":"9","author":"Dodds","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"3","article-title":"Grip strength reference values for Canadians aged 6 to 79: Canadian health measures survey, 2007 to 2013","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Rep19."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001104","article-title":"Muscular grip strength estimates of the u","volume":"30","author":"Perna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7302205080p1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2019.029538","article-title":"Handgrip strength: a comparison of values obtained from the NHANES and NIH toolbox studies","volume":"73","author":"Bohannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"2011"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.05.009","article-title":"Handgrip strength: Normative reference values in males and females aged 6-64 Years old in a Colombian population","volume":"44","author":"Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12112","article-title":"Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125, 462. healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study","volume":"7","author":"Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-94","article-title":"Prediction of grip and key pinch strength in 978 healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"Angst","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036782","article-title":"Associations of grip strength with retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13092","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13092","article-title":"Reference values for bone density and bone mineral content from 5 to 80 years old in a province of Chile","volume":"23","author":"Cossio-Bola\u00f1os","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"2019"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"2018"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Kinanthropometry","author":"Ross","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiological Testing of Elite Athlete, Vol 223"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2013.39.2.71","article-title":"Frankfort horizontal plane is an appropriate three-dimensinal reference in the evaluation of clinical and skeletal cant","volume":"39","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillo Surg."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.50.2.133","article-title":"How forearm position affects grip strength","volume":"50","author":"Richards","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240","article-title":"Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey","volume":"320","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"LMS Chartmaker\n            PanH\n            ColeTJ\n          2006"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246870","article-title":"A deep learning-based method for grip strength prediction: comparison of multilayer perceptron and polynomial regression approaches","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111448","article-title":"Assessment of functional sit-to-stand muscle power: cross-sectional trajectories across the lifespan","volume":"152","author":"Alcazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21057","article-title":"Bayesian longitudinal plateau model of adult grip strength","volume":"22","author":"Nahhas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B267","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.5.B267","article-title":"Age-associated loss of power and strength in the upper extremities in women and men","volume":"52","author":"Metter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344033","article-title":"The impact of gender, body dimension and body composition on hand-grip strength in healthy children","volume":"25","author":"Sartorio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200708000-00045","article-title":"Handgrip Strength and Hand Dimensions in Young Handball and Basketball Players","volume":"21","author":"Visnapuu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Strength Condition Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12593-010-0015-6","article-title":"Age and anthropometric traits predict handgrip strength in healthy normals","volume":"2","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Microsurg."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211452","article-title":"Hand grip strength: reference values for adults and elderly people of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Amaral","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410050120122","article-title":"Talent identification and women's soccer: an Australian experience","volume":"18","author":"Hoare","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.06.013","article-title":"New normative values for handgrip strength: Results from the UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Spruit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7279","article-title":"Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants","volume":"20","author":"Ortega","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098723","article-title":"Muscular weakness in adolescence is associated with disability 30 years later: a population-based cohort study of 1, 2 million men","volume":"53","author":"Henriksson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0565-6","article-title":"Hand-grip strength among older adults in Singapore: a comparison with international norms and associative factors","volume":"17","author":"Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B41","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T06:51:20Z","timestamp":1674715880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072684","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"article-number":"1072684"}}