{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:20:10Z","timestamp":1775251210154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted this study to investigate the prevalence of myopia among school students in Ningbo and to explore the associations between reading and writing postures and myopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population-based and cross-sectional study was conducted, and 3,256 school students aged 8\u201319 years were recruited. Each enrolled subject was assessed for uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) using a standard logarithmic visual acuity E-chart and a non-cycloplegic autorefraction examination. Self-administered questionnaires were used to investigate myopia-related reading and writing postures and behavioral habits among school students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of myopia among primary school, middle school, and high school students was 61.49, 81.43, and 89.72%, respectively. Regarding the associations between reading and writing postures and myopia, we identified that a reading distance &amp;gt;33 cm is a protective factor for myopia in female students [odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.15\u20130.64], in both primary school (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.30\u20130.99) and middle school (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.15\u20130.90).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A reading distance &amp;gt;33 cm can be used as an additional measure to prevent and control myopia. Proper postural measures for reading and writing may have educational and public health benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.713377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T06:53:11Z","timestamp":1660287191000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Associations between reading and writing postures and myopia among school students in Ningbo, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Danjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bijun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000499","article-title":"A review of current concepts of the etiology and treatment of Myopia","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"332","article-title":"Nearwork in early-onset myopia","volume":"43","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580801957751","article-title":"Body stature and myopia-The Genes in Myopia (GEM) twin study","volume":"15","author":"Dirani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1451","article-title":"Myopia and the urban environment: findings in a sample of 12-year-old Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00825.x","article-title":"Myopia, posture and the visual environment","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15043","article-title":"A systematic review of near work and myopia: measurement, relationships, mechanisms and clinical corollaries","volume":"100","author":"Gajjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb05748.x","article-title":"Refraction, nearwork and education. 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