{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:28:34Z","timestamp":1753892914538,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence of the association between maternal sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) exposure and the risk of omphalocele is limited and equivocal. We aimed to assess the aforementioned topic during the first trimester of pregnancy. A population-based case-control study was carried out in infants consisting of 292 cases of omphalocele and 7,950 healthy infant controls. Exposure to SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters \u2264 10 \u03bcm, and nitrogen dioxide was assessed by averaging the concentration from all stations in the mother's residential city. SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure was categorized into three groups, with the lowest tertile defined as the reference category. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models. Higher SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure during the first trimester was significantly associated with omphalocele risk [per standard deviation (42 ug\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) increment: OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.22\u20131.65]. When focusing on shorter exposure windows, similar positive associations were observed for SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure in the first and third months of pregnancy. In addition, compared with the lowest tertile, high SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure in the second month of pregnancy increased the risk of omphalocele (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.61\u20134.97). Maternal exposure to SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during the first trimester may increase the risk of omphalocele in offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.821905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T06:34:33Z","timestamp":1652337273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide and Risk of Omphalocele in Liaoning Province, China: A Population-Based Case-Control 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