{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:48:37Z","timestamp":1793378917157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer incidence and mortality rates in Africa are increasing, yet their geographic distribution and determinants are incompletely characterized. The present study aims to establish the spatial epidemiology of cancer burden in Africa and delineate the association between cancer burden and the country-level socioeconomic status. The study also examines the forecasts of the cancer burden for 2040 and evaluates infrastructure availability across all African countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimates of age, sex, and country-specific incidence and mortality of 34 neoplasms in 54 African countries, were procured from GLOBOCAN 2020. Mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) was employed as a proxy indicator of 5-year survival rates, and the socioeconomic development of each country was measured using its human development index (HDI). We regressed age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and MIR on HDI using linear regression model to determine the relationship between cancer burden and HDI. Maps were generated for each cancer group for each country in Africa. The data about the cancer infrastructure of African countries were extracted from the WHO Cancer Country Profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Africa, an estimated 1.1 million new cases [95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) 1.0 \u2013 1.3 million] and 711,429 [611,604 \u2013 827,547] deaths occurred due to neoplasms in 2020. The ASIR was estimated to be 132.1\/100,000, varying from 78.4\/100,000 (Niger) to 212.5\/100,000 (La R\u00e9union) in 2020. The ASMR was 88.8\/100,000 in Africa, ranging from 56.6\/100,000 in the Republic of the Congo to 139.4\/100,000 in Zimbabwe. The MIR of all cancer combined was 0.64 in Africa, varying from 0.49 in Mauritius to 0.78 in The Gambia. HDI had a significant negative correlation with MIR of all cancer groups combined and main cancer groups (prostate, breast, cervical and colorectal). HDI explained 75% of the variation in overall 5-year cancer survival (MIR). By 2040, the burden of all neoplasms combined is forecasted to increase to 2.1 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths in Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High cancer mortality rates in Africa demand a holistic approach toward cancer control and management, including, but not limited to, boosting cancer awareness, adopting primary and secondary prevention, mitigating risk factors, improving cancer infrastructure and timely treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.839835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T06:32:50Z","timestamp":1650868370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Mapping Cancer in Africa: A Comprehensive and Comparable Characterization of 34 Cancer Types Using Estimates From GLOBOCAN 2020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Aashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehak","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Fronterre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sewagudde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Ssentongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Yenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina D.","family":"Arhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forster","family":"Amponsah-Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"Ssentongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31891-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Dicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S514","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu108","article-title":"Overview of global, regional, and national routine vaccination coverage trends and growth patterns from 1980 to 2009: implications for vaccine-preventable disease eradication and elimination initiatives","volume":"210","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001091","article-title":"Net benefits: a multicountry analysis of observational data examining associations between insecticide-treated mosquito nets and health outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60164-1","article-title":"HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"384","author":"Maartens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Epidemiology of Cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Olaleye","year":"2017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv005","article-title":"Patterns of distribution of childhood cancer in Africa","volume":"61","author":"Stefan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0831-9","article-title":"Trends in cervical cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"123","author":"Jedy-Agba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa099","article-title":"Breast Cancer Burden in Africa: evidence from GLOBOCAN 2018","volume":"43","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pub Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33014","article-title":"The evolving epidemic of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: results from the African Cancer Registry Network","volume":"147","author":"Joko-Fru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153496","article-title":"An estimate of the incidence of prostate cancer in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Adeloye","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.04.206","article-title":"Colon cancer in Africa: primetime for screening?","volume":"89","author":"May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020404","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.02.020404","article-title":"Estimating the incidence of colorectal cancer in Sub\u2013Saharan Africa: a systematic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Graham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32538","article-title":"Cancer in Africa 2018: the role of infections","volume":"146","author":"Parkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0281","article-title":"Cancer in Africa 2012","volume":"23","author":"Parkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33588","article-title":"Cancer statistics for the year 2020: an overview","volume":"2021","author":"Ferlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Human Development Report 20202020"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today\n            FerlayJ\n            ErvikM\n            LamF\n            ColombetM\n            MeryL\n            Pi\u00f1erosM\n          LyonInternational Agency for Research on Cancer2020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31937","article-title":"Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods","volume":"144","author":"Ferlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20000715)19:13<1741::AID-SIM496>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Comparison of different approaches to incidence prediction based on simple interpolation techniques","volume":"19","author":"Dyba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq120","article-title":"The validity of the mortality to incidence ratio as a proxy for site-specific cancer survival","volume":"21","author":"Vostakolaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2017006","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2017006","article-title":"Cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio as an indicator of cancer management outcomes in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-00941-4","article-title":"Breast cancer incidence, mortality and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) are associated with human development, 1990\u20132016: evidence from Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today\n            FerlayJ\n            ErvikM\n            LamF\n            ColombetM\n            MeryL\n            Pi\u00f1erosM\n          LyonInternational Agency for Research on CancerCancer Tomorrow2020"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"UnitedNations Development Program\n          Human Development Database2020"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Cancer Country Profile2020"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27410","article-title":"Cancer burden in Africa and opportunities for prevention","volume":"118","author":"Jemal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30382","article-title":"A global view on cancer incidence and national levels of the human development index","volume":"139","author":"Fidler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnci.2017.05.003","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality are associated with human development index and health setups in Africa","volume":"29","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Egypt Natl Canc Inst"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0349-9_ch2","article-title":"The changing global burden of cancer: transitions in human development and implications for cancer prevention and control","volume":"3","author":"Bray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28661","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of cancer in Kampala, Uganda 1991\u20132010","volume":"135","author":"Wabinga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30068-4","article-title":"Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries","volume":"395","author":"Brisson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30836-2","article-title":"Impact of scaled up human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical screening and the potential for global elimination of cervical cancer in 181 countries, 2020\u201399: a modelling study","volume":"20","author":"Simms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106399","article-title":"Vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization coverage 2010\u20132019","volume":"144","author":"Bruni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"Global Health Observatory2021"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e923","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30259-5","article-title":"Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Jedy-Agba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2005.06.008","article-title":"The severity, outcome and challenges of breast cancer in Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Adesunkanmi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604435","article-title":"Cancer of the breast: 5-year survival in a tertiary hospital in Uganda","volume":"99","author":"Gakwaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1675","article-title":"Psychosocial effects of mastectomy on married African women in Northwestern Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Odigie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e158","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70472-2","article-title":"Treatment of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"14","author":"Kingham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.298","article-title":"Prostate cancer in men of African origin. 2016","volume":"13","author":"McGinley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-019-00169-y","article-title":"The burden of prostate cancer is associated with human development index: evidence from 87 countries, 1990\u20132016","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197107)28:1<3::AID-CNCR2820280104>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum","volume":"28","author":"Burkitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3399566","article-title":"Epidemiology of liver cancer in Africa: current and future trends","volume":"40","author":"Okeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Hepatitis B (HepB3) Immunization Coverage Among 1-Year-Olds (%)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4892","article-title":"Science and health for all children with cancer","volume":"363","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70008-1","article-title":"Improving cancer care for children and young people 2","volume":"13","author":"Magrath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13438","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.13438","article-title":"A systematic examination of burden of childhood cancers in 183 countries: estimates from GLOBOCAN 2018","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70598-3","article-title":"Improvement of pathology in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"14","author":"Adesina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70482-5","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in cancer control in Africa: a perspective from the African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Morhason-Bello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0124-y","article-title":"An update on the management of breast cancer in Africa","volume":"12","author":"Vanderpuye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00223-5","article-title":"Global cancer surgery: delivering safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery","volume":"16","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.12.032","article-title":"Radiation oncology in Africa: improving access to cancer care on the African continent","volume":"89","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4199-6","article-title":"Tracing Africa's progress toward implementing the Non-Communicable Diseases Global action plan 2013\u20132020: a synthesis of WHO country profile reports","volume":"17","author":"Nyaaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.839835\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T06:32:55Z","timestamp":1650868375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.839835\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.839835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.839835","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"article-number":"839835"}}