{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:07:41Z","timestamp":1778771261939,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007249","name":"University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Very little is known about the breast cancer risk profile among American Indian women. Previous research shows that the proportion of American Indian\/Alaska Native women with baseline characteristics (commonly known breast cancer risk factors) differs from other ethnicities. This retrospective case control study was designed to the explore the association of these factors among American Indian women with and without breast cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases and controls were retrospectively selected from the medical records of American Indian women who obtained their health care from Quentin N. Burdick Memorial Health Care Facility (Indian Health Service) in Belcourt, ND. For each woman with breast cancer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 141), two controls were selected when possible (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 278). Risk factors examined included woman's age, age at first live birth, age of menarche, the number of previous benign breast biopsies, the total number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer, body mass index and parity. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many of the associations found among American Indian women who obtained their health care from Quentin N. Burdick Memorial Health Care Facility (Indian Health Service) in Belcourt, ND, between risk factors commonly identified in other populations and breast cancer were weakly positive. Nulliparity was the only risk factor to consistently show a positive significant association (OR = 2.87, 95% CI 1.16\u20130.7.12).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disparities in breast cancer incidence, mortality and screening among Northern Plains American Indian emphasize the need to better understand the risk factors associated with breast cancer in this population. Based on the results of this study, the value of current risk prediction models in American Indian communities is uncertain and clinicians should be cautious in using these models to inform American Indian patients of their risk for breast cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.840280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T07:40:47Z","timestamp":1655451647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Clinical Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Among American Indian Women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Nadeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyle G.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn G.","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Breast cancer awareness at american indian cancer foundation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji064","article-title":"Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome","volume":"97","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1853-z","article-title":"Risk prediction models of breast cancer: a systematic review of model performances","volume":"133","author":"Anothaisintawee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr154","article-title":"Projecting individualized absolute invasive breast cancer risk in asian and pacific islander american women","volume":"103","author":"Matsuno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2","article-title":"Assessing the performance of prediction models","volume":"21","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"USAGov"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25154","article-title":"Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among hispanic and non\u2013hispanic white women","volume":"116","author":"Hines","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181788d88","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetics, and risk evaluation of postmenopausal women at risk of breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Vogel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-2006-24103","article-title":"Lifetime reproductive and anthropometric risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"24","author":"Velie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Dis"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"The breast cancer risk assessment"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.840280\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T07:41:01Z","timestamp":1655451661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.840280\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.840280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.840280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"article-number":"840280"}}