{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:40:19Z","timestamp":1793313619528,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM202011015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM202011015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate myopia development among primary and secondary school students during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the development of myopia among students in Shenzhen, China during the COVID-19 outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 1,472,957 and 1,573,824 students in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia was 46.9 and 50.5% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The prevalence of myopia among students in the former Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was higher than that in areas outside the former Shenzhen SEZ (2019: 47.0 vs. 43.7%; 2020: 50.5 vs. 47.3%). The prevalence of myopia among girls was higher than that among boys (2019: 50.4 vs. 44.0%; 2020: 54.0 vs. 47.6%). The 50th percentile (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in the right eye among girls was lower than that in boys. The prevalence of myopia continued to increase as the grade increased, with the greatest annual increase observed in Grades 2\u20135 (3.4\u20133.9%). The\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      of SER in the right eye of students decreased as the grade increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of myopia among students increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in primary school Grades 2\u20135.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T18:16:36Z","timestamp":1648404996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Trends in Myopia Development Among Primary and Secondary School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jingfeng","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meizhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaochong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Education: From Disruption to Recovery"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.495","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia","volume":"122","author":"Kempen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2385","article-title":"Estimating heritability and shared environmental effects for refractive error in twin and family studies","volume":"50","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p21","article-title":"Evidence for an \u201cpandemic\u201d of myopia","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2001.00389.x","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of myopia: implications for Australia","volume":"29","author":"Kathryn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"1408","article-title":"Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children","volume":"43","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1111","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004","volume":"126","author":"Susan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.020","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646770","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.646770","article-title":"Survey on the progression of myopia in children and adolescents in Chongqing during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000233","article-title":"Environmental factors and myopia: paradoxes and prospects for prevention","volume":"5","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Specification for Screening of Refractive Error in Primary and Secondary School Students (WS\/T 663-2020).","year":"2020"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"The Impact of Myopia and High Myopia [EB\/OL]"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112142-20201228-000851","article-title":"Forcasting the prevalence of myopia among students aged 6-18 years in China from 2021 to 2030","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140258","article-title":"Five-year progression of refractive errors and incidence of myopia in school-aged children in western China","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317811","article-title":"Refractive change and incidence of myopia among rural Chinese children: the Handan Offspring Myopia Study","volume-title":"Br J Ophthalmol.","author":"Lin","year":"2021"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.03.006","article-title":"Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore","volume":"62","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7504","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8343","article-title":"High prevalence of myopia and high myopia in 5060 Chinese university students in Shanghai","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206239","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","article-title":"Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.8","article-title":"Annual incidences and progressions of myopia and high myopia in Chinese schoolchildren based on a 5-year cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01410-3","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors among primary students in Chongqing: multilevel modeling","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.017","article-title":"Evolution of the prevalence of myopia among taiwanese schoolchildren: a review of survey data from 1983 through 2017","volume":"128","author":"TsaiI","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12287","article-title":"Myopia among school students in rural China (Yunnan)","volume":"36","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalm Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0260","article-title":"The changing prevalence of myopia in young adults: a 13-year series of population-based prevalence surveys","volume":"46","author":"Bar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04290-6","article-title":"Growth curves of myopia-related parameters to clinically monitor the refractive development in Chinese schoolchildren","volume":"257","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20110063","article-title":"Prevalence of eye diseases and causes of visual impairment in school-aged children in western china","volume":"22","author":"Pi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1151","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and progression of myopia of school children in Hong Kong","volume":"45","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.099937","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran","volume":"91","author":"Fotouhi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0283","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in African children in South Africa","volume":"44","author":"Naidoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01400-w","article-title":"School-based epidemiology study of myopia in Tianjin, China","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136222","article-title":"Association between ocular sensory dominance and refractive error asymmetry","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010101-09","article-title":"Effects of anisometropia on binocularity","volume":"38","author":"Tomac","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0456","article-title":"Ocular biometry and refraction in Mongolian adults","volume":"45","author":"Wickremasinghe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307724","article-title":"Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of childhood myopia, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis: implications for aetiology and early prevention","volume":"100","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1451","article-title":"Myopia and the urban environment: findings in a sample of 12-year-old Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000808","article-title":"Myopia control with bifocal contact lenses: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Aler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optomet Vision Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303914","article-title":"Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lens slows myopia progression in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren: a 2-year randomised clinical trial","volume":"98","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859285\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T03:49:03Z","timestamp":1700365743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859285\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.859285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"article-number":"859285"}}