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Participants without a history of blood transfusion were more likely to be exposed to lower levels of blood lead [\u22122.30 (\u22123.13, \u22121.47) for HBcAb (\u2013) and \u22122.23 (\u22124.54, 0.08) for HBcAb (+)]. The odds ratio (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>) of HBcAb (+) increased with blood lead and the result was 1.09 (1.06, 1.12). This study showed that older adults, men, people with a lower education level, a lower ratio of family income to poverty (PIR), a lower body mass index (BMI), or a history of blood transfusion, people who lived with a companion or with a total number of people in the family &amp;gt;3, people living in the United States for a longer time, U.S. citizens by birth or naturalization, and people not born in the United States were associated with higher blood lead exposure, and blood lead had a positive association with HBcAb (+).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T05:52:46Z","timestamp":1655185966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blood Lead Exposure and Association With Hepatitis B Core Antibody in the United States: NHANES 2011\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kexing","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tengyao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siran","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"WHO guidance to reduce illness due to lead2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105115","article-title":"Nephrotoxic metals of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic and the odds of kidney stones in adults: An exposure-response analysis of NHANES 2007\u20132016","volume":"132","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105192","article-title":"Toxicity assessment due to prenatal and lactational exposure to lead, cadmium and mercury mixtures","volume":"133","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015533","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015533","article-title":"Association between blood lead level and uncontrolled hypertension in the US population (NHANES 1999-2016)","volume":"9","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2016.273.204","article-title":"There is no safe threshold for lead exposure: a literature review","volume":"27","author":"Vorvolakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatriki."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8244","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6333-x","article-title":"A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.1.54","article-title":"Observational research methods. 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