{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:27:50Z","timestamp":1787027270147,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inequality in health outcomes in relation to Americans' socioeconomic status (SES) is rising. American Cancer Society depicts that the most common cancers are diagnosed in men and women in 2021. We aim to study socioeconomic inequalities in related cancers to investigate whether the cancer prevalence differs within the family income to poverty ratio (PIR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study investigated data from adults aged 20\u201385 years participated in the 1999\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who had complete data available on PIR and cancer or malignancy information (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 49,720). Participants were stratified into 3 categories of PIR: high income (PIR \u2265 4), middle income (&amp;gt;1 and &amp;lt;4), or at or below the federal poverty level (\u22641).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of prostate cancer was higher in the middle-income (3.61% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 464]) and high-income groups (3.36% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 227]) than in the low-income group (1.83% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 84], all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The prevalence of breast cancer was higher in middle-income (2.86% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 390]) and high-income participants (3.48% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 218]) than in low-income participants (2.00% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 117], all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Compared with the low-income group in men (0.48% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22]), a higher prevalence of colon and rectum cancer occurs in the middle-income (0.87% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 112],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012) and high-income groups (0.89% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 58],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018). The prevalence of lung cancer in women was lower in high-income participants than middle-income participants (0.10% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6] vs. 0.29% [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 39],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing disparities in cancer prevalence were identified across all socioeconomic categories analyzed in this study. To ensure the sustainable development goals, it is a global health priority to understand inequalities in health and to target interventions accordingly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T06:43:04Z","timestamp":1658472184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Association Between Cancer Prevalence and Different Socioeconomic Strata in the US: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mingsi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21565","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33207","article-title":"Stage and mortality of low-income patients with cancer: evidence from SEER-Medicaid","volume":"127","author":"Bradley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00577-8","article-title":"Economic downturns, universal health coverage, and cancer mortality in high-income and middle-income countries, 1990-2010: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"388","author":"Maruthappu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30677-0","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality among young adults aged 20-39 years worldwide in 2012: a population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Fidler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.10.002","article-title":"Associations between socioeconomic status and cancer survival: choice of SES indicator may affect results","volume":"16","author":"Zhang-Salomons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09923-8","article-title":"Rehkopf DH. 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