{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:30:12Z","timestamp":1790494212692,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological evidence that glioma has a slight male predominance implies that factors associated with sex hormones may play a role in the development of glioma. The association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and glioma risk remains controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial of 70,516 women in the USA, Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were adopted to calculate the crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additionally, a meta-analysis combining the PLCO findings with those of other prospective cohorts was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During a mean follow-up of ~11.7 years, 110 of 70,516 women aged 50\u201378 years at baseline were diagnosed with glioma in PLCO studies. Compared with never users, an inverse association of borderline significance was found for OC users (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.44\u20131.04,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.074). Analyses assessing glioma risk according to the duration of OC use yielded no significant association. When PLCO was combined with four other prospective studies, there was an inverse association between OC use and glioma risk (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75\u20130.97,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.0%). Further dose-response analysis showed a nonlinear, inverse relationship between OC use and glioma risk (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provided some evidence of a nonlinear, inverse association between OC use and glioma risk. Future larger studies are warranted to validate this finding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T04:05:15Z","timestamp":1657771515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oral Contraceptive and Glioma Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaquan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa200","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017","volume":"24","author":"Ostrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-011-0189-8","article-title":"Current state of our knowledge on brain tumor epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Ostrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz013","article-title":"Diet and risk of glioma: combined analysis of 3 large prospective studies in the UK and USA","volume":"21","author":"Kuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(08)12","article-title":"Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in astrocytomas: a literature review","volume":"71","author":"Tavares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9114","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239114","article-title":"Astrocytoma: a hormone-sensitive tumor?","volume":"21","author":"Hirtz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2838","article-title":"Association of use of oral contraceptives with depressive symptoms among adolescents and young women","volume":"77","author":"de Wit","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.102876","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: an overestimated risk?","volume":"147","author":"Franceschini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182087","article-title":"Nonoccupational risk indicators of glioblastoma in adults","volume":"8","author":"Hochberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.1583.13.10","article-title":"Reproductive factors and risk of glioma in women","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20776","article-title":"Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females","volume":"114","author":"Hatch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj254","article-title":"Risk of brain tumors associated with exposure to exogenous female sex hormones","volume":"164","author":"Wigertz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0406","article-title":"Reproductive factors and risk of meningioma and glioma","volume":"17","author":"Wigertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9220-z","article-title":"Reproductive factors and hormone use and risk of adult gliomas","volume":"20","author":"Felini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr184","article-title":"Joint associations between genetic variants and reproductive factors in glioma risk among women","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1427-0","article-title":"Reproductive factors and risk of primary brain tumors in women","volume":"118","author":"Anic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0400-8","article-title":"A pooled multisite analysis of the effects of female reproductive hormones on glioma risk","volume":"25","author":"Krishnamachari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12535","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of glioma among younger women: a nationwide case-control study","volume":"79","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21467","article-title":"Hormonal and reproductive factors and risk of glioma: a prospective cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Silvera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604445","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and primary glioma and meningioma tumours in the Million Women Study cohort","volume":"99","author":"Benson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0447","article-title":"Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma in a large European cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Michaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25413","article-title":"Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use and risk of adult glioma in women in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study","volume":"128","author":"Kabat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(00)00098-2","article-title":"Design of the prostate, lung, colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer screening trial","volume":"21","author":"Prorok","year":"2000","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in metaanalyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.024","article-title":"Erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"58","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.031","article-title":"Marital status and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Manzoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000132","article-title":"The robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.080708.082713","article-title":"Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives","volume":"61","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416673-8.00010-1","article-title":"The epidemiology and molecular mechanisms linking obesity, diabetes, and cancer","volume":"93","author":"Ferguson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vitam Horm."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.10.014","article-title":"Female obesity and infertility","volume":"29","author":"Talmor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.001","article-title":"Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"92","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.11.004","article-title":"The evolution of combined oral contraception: improving the risk-to-benefit ratio","volume":"84","author":"Burkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00372-5","article-title":"Impact of sex in the prevalence and progression of glioblastomas: the role of gonadal steroid hormones","volume":"12","author":"Bello-Alvarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068695","article-title":"Exogenous and endogenous hormones in relation to glioma in women: a meta-analysis of 11 case-control studies","volume":"8","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11579","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2448-1","article-title":"Reproductive factors in relation to risk of brain tumors in women: an updated meta-analysis of 27 independent studies","volume":"35","author":"Zong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2725-0","article-title":"Update on the effect of exogenous hormone use on glioma risk in women: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies","volume":"137","author":"Lan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurooncol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.175","article-title":"Relationship between oral contraceptives and the risk of gliomas and meningiomas: a dose-response meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878233\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T04:05:19Z","timestamp":1657771519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878233\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878233","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"article-number":"878233"}}