{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:34:30Z","timestamp":1784302470081,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the clinical application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the detection of viral infections in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using mNGS technology, 50 human fluid samples of KTRs were detected, including 20 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, 21 urine samples and 9 blood samples. The detected nucleic acid sequences were compared and analyzed with the existing viral nucleic acid sequences in the database, and the virus infection spectrum of KTRs was drawn.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The viral nucleic acids of 15 types of viruses were detected in 96.00% (48\/50) of the samples, of which 11 types of viruses were in BALF (95.00%, 19\/20), and the dominant viruses were <jats:italic>torque teno virus<\/jats:italic> (TTV) (65.00%; 13\/20), <jats:italic>cytomegalovirus<\/jats:italic> (CMV) (45.00%; 9\/20) and <jats:italic>human alphaherpesvirus 1<\/jats:italic> (25.00%; 5\/20). 12 viruses (95.24%, 20\/21) were detected in the urine, and the dominant viruses were TTV (52.38%; 11\/21), <jats:italic>JC polyomavirus<\/jats:italic> (52.38%; 11\/21), <jats:italic>BK polyomavirus<\/jats:italic> (42.86%; 9\/21), CMV (33.33%; 7\/21) and <jats:italic>human betaherpesvirus 6B<\/jats:italic> (28.57%; 6\/21). 7 viruses were detected in the blood (100.00%, 9\/9), and the dominant virus was TTV (100.00%; 9\/9). Four rare viruses were detected in BALF and urine, including <jats:italic>WU polyomavirus, primate bocaparvovirus 1, simian virus 12<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>volepox virus<\/jats:italic>. Further analysis showed that TTV infection with high reads indicated a higher risk of acute rejection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>mNGS detection reveals the rich virus spectrum of infected KTRs, and improves the detection rate of rare viruses. TTV may be a new biomarker for predicting rejection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.888064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T05:44:27Z","timestamp":1657518267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals the Profile of Viral Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients During the COVID-19 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