{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:56:09Z","timestamp":1778162169288,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Alpine regions, which are very similar due to their topographical location and their wide-ranging sports offerings, the restrictions on sports activities during the COVID-19 pandemic differed in type and level: while in some regions (Tyrol, South Tyrol, Trentino), all sports activities were forbidden except for walking near the home, in other regions (Upper Bavaria, Vorarlberg), people were allowed to go hiking and running during the first lockdown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the change in physical activity (PA) behavior in different Alpine regions (Upper Bavaria, Vorarlberg, Tyrol, South Tyrol, Trentino) over four periods in 2020, to examine the effects of COVID-19 measures of varying severity on PA behavior and to identify factors associated with a change in PA over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective online survey was conducted (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2975) from December 2020, to January 2021. Using the questionnaire of the Eurobarometer 472 study, PA behavior was measured over four periods: before COVID-19 (March), during the first lockdown (March and April), during the relaxed period (May-October) and during the second lockdown (November and December) in 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the first (M = 5.0h, SD = 4.5) and the second lockdowns (M = 4.9h, SD = 4.3), the participants (age: 42 years, overly active in sports) engaged less in sports than before (M = 5.9h, SD = 4.8) and during the relaxed period in summer (M = 6.4h, SD = 5.0) (average number of hours per week being physically active). A larger percentage of participants from Alpine regions with severe restrictions (Tyrol, South Tyrol, Trentino) decreased their PA during the first lockdown as compared to participants from Upper Bavaria and Vorarlberg with a less strict first lockdown. Those with psychological distress, male participants, and individuals with decreased physical health and less free time during COVID-19 were more likely to reduce their PA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a short-term negative effect of COVID-19 restrictions on exercise participation during lockdowns, the majority of respondents returned to their original levels of PA during the relaxed COVID-19 phases. As a comparison of Alpine regions shows, particularly severe COVID-19 measures seem to have reduced PA with potential negative health effects. For the future, policy makers and sports organizations should collaborate to support the population in their PA behavior during pandemics to outweigh restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.901763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T06:07:13Z","timestamp":1653977233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Physical Activity Behavior During and After COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders\u2014A Longitudinal Study in the Austrian, German, and Italian Alps"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stefanie E.","family":"Sch\u00f6ttl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schnitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Savoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2021.100584","article-title":"Finding the way forward: COVID-19 vaccination progress in Germany, Austria and Switzerland","volume":"28","author":"Desson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"S6","article-title":"Review of epidemic, containment strategies, clinical management, and economic evaluation of COVID-19 pandemic","volume-title":"J Formos Med Assoc.","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update.2022"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102246","article-title":"The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variant (Omicron) and increasing calls for COVID-19 vaccine boosters-the debate continues","volume":"45","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic over 2020 (with non-pharmaceutical measures) and","volume-title":"Environ Res.","author":"Coccia","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.153","article-title":"Mental health over nine months during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic: representative cross-sectional survey in twelve waves between april and december 2020 in Austria","volume":"296","author":"Niederkrotenthaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638481","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.638481","article-title":"Global healthcare resource efficiency in the management of COVID-19 death and infection prevalence rates","volume":"9","author":"Breitenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115645","article-title":"Beyond the pandemic: COVID-19 pandemic changed the face of life","volume":"18","author":"Khalifa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013574","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013574","article-title":"Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review","volume":"4","author":"Nussbaumer-Streit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1557","article-title":"Mitigating the wider health effects of covid-19 pandemic response","volume":"369","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0646-z","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of quarantine on cardiovascular risk","volume":"74","author":"Mattioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15203\/CISS_2020.100","article-title":"Jogging, nordic walking and going for a walk - inter-disciplinary recommendations to keep people physically active in times of the COVID-19 lockdown in Tyrol, Austria","volume-title":"CISS.","author":"Fr\u00fchauf","year":"2020"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02614367.2021.2014941","article-title":"Sports participation during a lockdown. How COVID-19 changed the sports frequency and motivation of participants in club, event, and online sports","volume":"41","author":"Thibaut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leis Stud."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2021.100146","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: a review","volume":"5","author":"Vasankari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2016","article-title":"Role of inactivity in chronic diseases: evolutionary insight and pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"97","author":"Booth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2020.05.006","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity","volume":"2","author":"Woods","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med Health Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00509","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits","volume":"9","author":"Mandolesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0875-9","article-title":"Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being","volume":"26","author":"McMahon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200503000-00013","article-title":"Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Penedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.07.017","article-title":"Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Bize","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"93","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","year":"2020"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b79 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolescent Health."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.05.011","article-title":"Promoting health-enhancing physical activity in Europe: surveillance, policy development and implementation 2015-2018","volume":"125","author":"Whiting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.11.016","article-title":"How Europeans move: a moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sitting time paradox in the European Union","volume":"203","author":"Moreno-Llamas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1441","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00268.2020","article-title":"Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase physical inactivity and the global burden of cardiovascular disease","volume":"318","author":"Pe\u00e7anha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9419","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249419","article-title":"Psychological health and physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Violant-Holz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-020-00278-9","article-title":"Physical activity during COVID-19 induced lockdown: recommendations","volume":"15","author":"F\u00fcz\u00e9ki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1807089","article-title":"Physical activity and nutrition guidelines to help with the fight against COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Khoramipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.05.003","article-title":"Physical activity recommendations during the coronavirus disease-2019 virus outbreak","volume":"9","author":"Jurak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02300-9","article-title":"Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown","volume":"190","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111675","article-title":"COVID-19 and the impact on the physical activity level of elderly people: A systematic review","volume":"159","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000960","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Stockwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2021.2016702","article-title":"Spatial transitions, levels of activity, and motivations to exercise during COVID-19: a literature review","volume":"100","author":"Andersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Soc."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114065","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults","volume":"17","author":"Stanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.042","article-title":"COVID-19 stay-at-home order in Tyrol, Austria: sports and exercise behaviour in change?","volume":"185","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179168","article-title":"Associations between physical activity, sitting time, and time spent outdoors with mental health during the first COVID-19 lock down in Austria","volume":"18","author":"Haider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155431","article-title":"Positive and negative changes in food habits, physical activity patterns, and weight status during COVID-19 confinement: associated factors in the Chilean Population","volume":"17","author":"Reyes-Olavarr\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145170","article-title":"Physical activity, screen time, and emotional well-being during the 2019 novel Coronavirus outbreak in China","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690220934335","article-title":"Sport and exercise in times of self-quarantine: how Germans changed their behaviour at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"56","author":"Mutz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Sociol Sport."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.11726-2","article-title":"Physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown in older adults","volume":"61","author":"Schlichtiger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.07.003","article-title":"Impact of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) lockdown on physical activity and energy expenditure among physiotherapy professionals and students using web-based open E-survey sent through WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram messengers","volume":"9","author":"Srivastav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155403","article-title":"One Month into the reinforcement of social distancing due to the COVID-19 Outbreak: subjective health, health behaviors, and loneliness among people with chronic medical conditions","volume":"17","author":"Elran-Barak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108297","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How does the exercise practice in active people with type 1 diabetes change? a preliminary survey","volume":"166","author":"Assaloni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04315","article-title":"The impact of physical activity on psychological health during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","volume":"6","author":"Maugeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103119","article-title":"Associations between changes in health behaviours and body weight during the COVID-19 quarantine in Lithuania: the Lithuanian COVIDiet study","volume-title":"Nutrients.","author":"Kriaucioniene","year":"2020"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100150","article-title":"How COVID-19 and the Dutch 'intelligent lockdown' change activities, work and travel behaviour: evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands","volume":"6","author":"Haas M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944502013010470","article-title":"Physical Activity at Home During the COVID-19 pandemic in the two most-affected Cities in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Barwais","year":"2020","journal-title":"TOPHJ."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186878","article-title":"Physical activity change during COVID-19 confinement","volume-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health.","author":"Casta\u00f1eda-Babarro","year":"2020"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104853","article-title":"Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: a study of UK adults","volume":"156","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186469","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults","volume":"17","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000850","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000850","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of physical activity in a sample of UK adults observing social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588604","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.588604","article-title":"Changes in diet, sleep, and physical activity are associated with differences in negative mood during COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"11","author":"Ingram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02399-5","article-title":"Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey","volume":"18","author":"Di Renzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114144","article-title":"Exercising in times of lockdown: an analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on levels and patterns of exercise among adults in Belgium","volume":"17","author":"Constandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570567","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.570567","article-title":"When pandemic hits: exercise frequency and subjective well-being during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Brand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsaa179","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa179","article-title":"COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms","volume":"44","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.16.21249925","article-title":"Correlates of and changes in aerobic physical activity and strength training before and after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Findings from the HEBECO study","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Herbec","year":"2021"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101241","article-title":"Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity locations and behaviors in adults living in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Dunton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575091","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575091","article-title":"Behavioral change towards reduced intensity physical activity is disproportionately prevalent among adults with serious health issues or self-perception of high risk during the UK COVID-19 Lockdown","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567552","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.567552","article-title":"Strange days: adult physical activity and mental health in the first two months of the COVID-1p Pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Gierc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12236","article-title":"Correlates of perceived physical activity transitions during the COVID-19 pandemic among Canadian adults","volume":"12","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7092","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197092","article-title":"Exercise behavior and mood during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan: lessons for the future","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97065-1","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in physical activity during and after the first national lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England","volume":"11","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23701","DOI":"10.2196\/23701","article-title":"Physical activity behavior before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions: longitudinal smartphone-tracking study of adults in the United Kingdom","volume":"23","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114333","article-title":"Health behaviors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal population-based survey in Germany","volume":"287","author":"Mata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2665","article-title":"Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study","volume":"173","author":"Tison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249362","article-title":"Changes in physical activity, sitting and sleep across the COVID-19 national lockdown period in Scotland","volume-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]","author":"Janssen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101680","article-title":"Exercise frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability survey of the US population","volume":"25","author":"Wijngaards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12015","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212015","article-title":"Staying active under restrictions: changes in type of physical exercise during the initial COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"18","author":"Benzing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.11.016","article-title":"Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during initial COVID-19 containment strategies: a multi-country cross-sectional analysis","volume":"24","author":"Faulkner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061583","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 Home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey","volume":"12","author":"Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2020.100297","article-title":"Winter tourism in the European Alps: is a new paradigm needed?","volume":"31","author":"Bausch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Outdoor Recreat Tour."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.11.017","article-title":"Revealing spatial and temporal patterns of outdoor recreation in the European Alps and their surroundings","volume":"31","author":"Schirpke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosystem Services."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61310-9","volume-title":"The Private Sport Sector in Europe","author":"Laine","year":"2017"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2020.09.003","article-title":"Europe's Covid-19 outliers: German, Austrian and Swiss policy responses during the early stages of the 2020 pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Desson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236917","article-title":"Public perspectives on protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy: a survey study","volume":"15","author":"Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03505-7","article-title":"Emotional distress in the early stages of the COVID-19 related lockdowns depending on the severity of the pandemic and emergency measures: a comparative online-survey in Germany, Austria and Italy","volume":"21","author":"Eichenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11476-3","article-title":"Perceptions of COVID-19 lockdowns and related public health measures in Austria: a longitudinal online survey","volume":"21","author":"\u0141aszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12506","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 Emergency and national lockdown on Italian Citizens' economic concerns, government trust, and health engagement: evidence from a two-wave panel study","volume":"99","author":"Graffigna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B85","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B86","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B87","unstructured":"2022"},{"key":"B88","unstructured":"2022"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2015.1091640","article-title":"The importance of pretesting questionnaires: a field research example of cognitive pretesting the Exercise referral Quality of Life Scale (ER-QLS)","volume":"20","author":"Hilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.924056","article-title":"Exploring the covariates of sport participation for health: an analysis of males and females in England","volume":"33","author":"Downward","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.880191","article-title":"The correlates of sports participation in Europe","volume":"14","author":"Downward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0275-6","article-title":"Predictors of physical activity change among adults using observational designs","volume":"45","author":"Rhodes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress","volume":"32","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","article-title":"Screening for serious mental illness in the general population","volume":"60","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.310","article-title":"Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative","volume":"19","author":"Kessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B96","unstructured":"2018"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.90","article-title":"Comparison of ANOVA alternatives under variance heterogeneity and specific noncentrality structures","volume":"99","author":"Tomarken","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105639","article-title":"Hur C. Persistent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet, exercise, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life: a longitudinal study among US adults","volume":"167","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.07.012","article-title":"Corona-regionalism? differences in regional responses to COVID-19 in Italy","volume":"125","author":"Bosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101545","article-title":"Home garden use during COVID-19: associations with physical and mental wellbeing in older adults","volume":"73","author":"Corley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103836","article-title":"Spending time in the garden is positively associated with health and wellbeing: results from a national survey in England","volume":"200","author":"Bell S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan."},{"key":"B103","article-title":"COVID-Inconfidentes: How did COVID-19 and home office influence the prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity? An analysis of before and during the pandemic","volume-title":"Res Squ","author":"Moura","year":"2021"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glt.2021.11.001","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of remotely working from home during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Al-Habaibeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Transit."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2017.1","article-title":"Gender and age differences in levels, types and locations of physical activity among older adults living in car-dependent neighborhoods","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging."},{"key":"B106","first-page":"646","article-title":"Pandemics","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Studies","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2018"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102066","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature","volume":"52","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions","volume":"6","author":"Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2021.100413","article-title":"Research note: ski touring on groomed slopes and the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential trigger for motivational changes","volume-title":"J Outdoor Recreat. Tour.","author":"Schlemmer","year":"2021"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.08.010","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents living in an area affected by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami for 3 years","volume":"2","author":"Okazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764017726097","article-title":"Impact of the economic crisis on health-related behaviors in Italy","volume":"63","author":"Mattei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-014-0563-y","article-title":"The influence of the economic crisis on the association between unemployment and health: an empirical analysis for Spain","volume":"16","author":"Urbanos-Garrido","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2008.12.008","article-title":"Influence of weather conditions and season on physical activity in adolescents","volume":"19","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.04.009","article-title":"The effect of season and weather on physical activity: a systematic review","volume":"121","author":"Tucker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B115","volume-title":"Health at a Glance: Europe 2020: State of Health in the EU Cycle","author":"OECD\/European","year":"2020"},{"key":"B116","volume-title":"Eurostat Regional Yearbook: 2020 Edition","author":"European","year":"2020"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","article-title":"Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-37","article-title":"Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"McGauran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibaa086","article-title":"Determinants of physical activity maintenance during the COVID-19 pandemic: a focus on fitness apps","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24316","DOI":"10.2196\/24316","article-title":"A Peer-to-Peer live-Streaming intervention for children during COVID-19 homeschooling to promote physical activity and reduce anxiety and eye strain: cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.901763\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T06:07:34Z","timestamp":1653977254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.901763\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.901763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.901763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"article-number":"901763"}}