{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:05:55Z","timestamp":1772849155889,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the health status of the general population has suffered a huge threat, and the mental health of front-line healthcare providers has also encountered great challenges. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among healthcare providers, and (2) verify the moderating role of self-efficacy in the influence of PTSD on mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey of 1993 participants. The presence of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and PTSD was evaluated using screening tests from March 1. Sociodemographic and COVID-19-related data were also collected. A data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of PTSD among healthcare providers was 9.3%. PTSD was negatively correlated with self-efficacy (r = \u22120.265, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), anxiety (r = \u22120.453, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), and depression (r = 0.708, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Profession, daily working hours, maximum continuous working days, and daily sleep time were influencing factors of PTSD. A binary logistic regression analysis showed that physicians (OR = 2.254, 95% CI = 1.298, 3.914) and nurses (OR = 2.176, 95% CI = 1.337, 3.541) were more likely to experience PTSD than other healthcare providers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-efficacy has a moderating effect on the influence of PTSD on anxiety and depression. This suggests that health managers need to respond to the current psychological crisis of healthcare providers, implement appropriate psychological interventions, and minimize the psychological harm caused by COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.904550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T06:05:17Z","timestamp":1658210717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Status Among Healthcare Workers and Its Impact on Their Mental Health During the Crisis of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingshuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyan","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Licheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanshuo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30522-5","article-title":"COVID-19: too little, too late?","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66352-0","article-title":"The ghost of pandemics past","volume":"365","author":"Mack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009666","article-title":"Allocating medical resources in the time of Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Hyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.04.041","article-title":"COVID-19-associated shortage of alcohol-based hand rubs, face masks, medical gloves and gowns \u2013 proposal for a risk-adapted approach to ensure patient and healthcare worker safety","volume":"105","author":"Kampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.032","article-title":"The emotional impact of COVID-19: from medical staff to common people","volume":"87","author":"Montemurro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.19204\/2021\/prvl7","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety, depression, burnout syndrome, and mental health disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"6","author":"Chirico","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Soc Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559951","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.559951","article-title":"Psychological experiences and expectations for the future","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5933","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165933","article-title":"Analysis of the Impact of the Confinement Resulting from COVID-19 on the Lifestyle and Psychological Wellbeing of Spanish Pregnant Women: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"17","author":"Bivi\u00e1-Roig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628072","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.628072","article-title":"Development of psychological problems among adolescents during school closures because of the COVID-19 lockdown phase in Italy: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"8","author":"Esposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102080","article-title":"Mental health of medical workers in Pakistan during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"51","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.06.20090340","article-title":"The German COVID-19 survey on mental health: primary results","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"32","article-title":"Mental health outcomes among front and second line health workers associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","volume":"26","author":"Rodolfo Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"LiK\n            QinY\n            WuJ\n            YanJ\n          SSRN Electronic JournalContaining the Virus or Reviving the Economy? Evidence from Individual Expectations during the COVID-19 Epidemic"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2022.2069983","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of mental distress among Italian Red Cross auxiliary corps: a cross-sectional evaluation after deployment in anti-COVID-19 operations","author":"Tarchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Military Psychol"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"58","article-title":"The effect of lockdown due to COVID-19 on post-traumatic stress and depression among college students of Kolkata, hotspot district of West Bengal, India","volume":"25","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Soc Sci."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Ru JiaKA\n            ChalderT\n            MasseyA\n            BroadbentE\n            CouplandC\n            VedharaK\n          Mental Health in the UK During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Early Observations2020"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HsingA\n            ZhangJS\n            PengK\n            LinWK\n            WuYH\n            HsingJC\n          A Rapid Assessment of Psychological Distress and Well-Being: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Shelter-in-Place2021","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3578809"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiK\n            QinY\n            WuJ\n            YanJ\n          Containing the Virus or Reviving the Economy? Evidence from Individual Expectations during the COVID-19 Epidemic2020","DOI":"10.1257\/rct.5618-1.1"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.05.021","article-title":"Burnout and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: intersection, impact, and interventions","volume":"17","author":"Restauri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqh027","article-title":"Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1642","article-title":"Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"369","author":"Kisely","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"197","article-title":"The evolution of PTSD criteria across editions of DSM","volume":"28","author":"North","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20537","article-title":"Institutionally based health care workers' exposure to traumatogenic events: systematic review of PTSD presentation","volume":"23","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpg040","article-title":"Personality and the etiology and expression of PTSD: a three-factor model perspective","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.026","article-title":"The contribution of an animal model toward uncovering biological risk factors for PTSD","volume":"1071","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.55","article-title":"Occupational moral injury and mental health: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"212","author":"Williamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241032","article-title":"PTSD symptoms among health workers and public service providers during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.01.005","article-title":"The impact of PTSD symptoms on physical and mental health functioning in returning veterans","volume":"28","author":"Asnaani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2019.1569189","article-title":"Cognitive Self-Efficacy and Mental Health Ratings after a Memory Skills Group for Older Veterans with PTSD","volume":"42","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.13.2.158","article-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","volume":"13","author":"Bandura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychotherapy"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-014-0716-5","article-title":"The Effect of Work Stress on Job Burnout Among Teachers: The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy","volume":"122","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.15065\/jjsnr.20110524007","article-title":"Relationship between self-efficacy and stress reaction among nurses with 2-5 years of job experience","volume":"34","author":"Eri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Jpn Soc Nurs Res"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"115","article-title":"Predicting post traumatic growth based upon self-efficacy and perceived social support in cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Lotfikashani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1986.4.3.359","article-title":"The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory","volume":"4","author":"Bandura","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2010.532644","article-title":"Return to work among employees with mental health problems: Development and validation of a self-efficacy questionnaire","volume":"24","author":"Lagerveld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work Stress."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcv054","article-title":"Mental health workers' perception of role self-efficacy and the organisational climate regarding the ethos of recovery","volume":"46","author":"Aidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-0829.2010.04.002","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a generalized anxiety scale in general hospitals","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","article-title":"The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Topp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30078-X","article-title":"Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874309902010010001","article-title":"Children and Coronavirus Infection (Covid-19): What to Tell Children to Avoid Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","volume":"10","author":"Roccella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Pediatr Med J."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400504","article-title":"The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1211","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1211","article-title":"Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic","volume":"368","author":"Greenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976","article-title":"Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.068","article-title":"Personal protective equipment recommendations based on COVID-19 route of transmission","volume":"83","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8524","article-title":"Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202043","article-title":"Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic","volume":"49","author":"Ho CS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"LiuD\n            RenY\n            YanF\n            LiY\n            XuX\n            YuX\n          Psychological Impact and Predisposing Factors of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on General Public in China"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.07.036","article-title":"Health risk perceptions in the era of the new coronavirus: are the Italian people ready for a novel virus? A cross-sectional study on perceived personal and comparative susceptibility for infectious diseases","volume":"187","author":"Commodari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165728","article-title":"Risk perception and depression in public health crises: evidence from the COVID-19 crisis in China","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.035","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabol Syndr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.07.003","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and mental health states of refugee children","volume":"32","author":"Yayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022190","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v93iS2.13053","article-title":"The impact of the alterations in caring for COVID-19 patients on Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue in Italian nurses: a multi method study","volume":"93","author":"Cosentino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084361","article-title":"SARS\/MERS\/SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks and Burnout Syndrome among Healthcare Workers. An umbrella systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Magnavita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00569-0","article-title":"Traumatic distress, alexithymia, dissociation, and risk of addiction during the first wave of COVID-19 in Italy: results from a cross-sectional online survey on a non-clinical adult sample","volume":"12","author":"La Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23318","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms","volume":"53","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4948-1","volume-title":"An Attribution Theory of Motivation and Emotion","author":"Weiner","year":"1986"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.1.87","article-title":"Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited","volume":"88","author":"Bandura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1001246","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.904550\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T07:20:02Z","timestamp":1660116002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.904550\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.904550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.904550","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1001246","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"article-number":"904550"}}