{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:13:47Z","timestamp":1790806427592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne protozoan neglected tropical disease. In some parts of Ethiopia, it is a public health problem and its main causative agent is <jats:italic>the Leishmania donovani complex<\/jats:italic>. The objective of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of VL and factors associated among the asymptomatic pastoral community of Dire District, Borena Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A community-based study was conducted among 432 pastoralist communities from June to July 2021. A systematic random sampling method was used to select households. Pretested structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. A single finger-prick blood sample was collected and tested for <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani complex<\/jats:italic> using an immune-chromatographic test (rk39-ICT). A logistic regression model was used to assess factors associated with VL infection and a <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value of &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 432 study participants were included (their mean age was 26.69) and 218 (50.5%) were females. The overall seroprevalence of VL was 33\/432(7.6%) (95%CI: 5.32\u201315.60). Sero-prevalence was significantly associated with high family size (&amp;gt;5) (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 5.134; 95% CI: 2.032\u20139.748), sleeping or\/and staying under acacia tree (AOR = 2.984; 95%CI = 1.074\u20138.288), presence of cracked house walls (AOR = 1.801; 95%CI: 1.026\u20134.926), presence of termite hills (AOR = 1.938; 95%CL: 1.002\u20137.050), availability of water points (AOR = 3.893; 95%CI: 1.034\u20137.426) and presence of domestic animals (AOR = 2.124; 95% CI: 2.341\u20135.108). It is recommended that community awareness on the transmission and prevention methods of <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani complex<\/jats:italic> and taking appropriate interventions on the identified factors play a greater role to prevent and control infection in the area. Further investigation is also needed to characterize the pathogens and risk factors and tackle the problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.917536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T05:29:36Z","timestamp":1669008576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis and its associated factors among asymptomatic pastoral community of Dire District, Borena zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Haile","family":"Ketema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fitsum","family":"Weldegebreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdella","family":"Gemechu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Gobena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002092","article-title":"An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum","volume":"145","author":"Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and poverty","volume":"22","author":"Alvar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003131","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: an evolving disease","volume":"8","author":"Leta","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"World Malaria Report.","year":"2012"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1540-3","article-title":"The site of the bite: Leishmania interaction with macrophages, neutrophils and the extracellular matrix in the dermis","volume":"9","author":"de Menezes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit & Vectors"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.1000166","article-title":"A review on biology epidemiology and public health significance of leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Dawit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Parasitol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.233178","article-title":"Zoonotic leishmaniasis and control in Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Lemma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.34","article-title":"Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara Region, Ethiopia","volume":"81","author":"Bashaye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Tropic Med Hygiene."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.618766","article-title":"Leishmaniasis beyond East Africa","volume":"2021","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Veterin Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5751743","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5751743","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani among laborers and associated risk factors in agricultural camps of west armachiho district, northwest ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2018","author":"Ayehu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Control of the Leishmaniasis. Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniasis","year":"2010"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of the leishmaniases","volume":"949","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0987-y","article-title":"Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Gadisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25471-5_5","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Hailu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases- Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-6","article-title":"Further studies on the phlebotomine sandflies of the kala-azar endemic lowlands of Humera-Metema (north-west Ethiopia) with observations on their natural blood meal sources","volume":"3","author":"Gebre-Michael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.88","article-title":"Identification of Environmental parameters and risk maping of visceral leishmaniasis by using geographical information system and statistical approach","volume":"7","author":"Tsegaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-240","article-title":"Gebre T, Hailu A, Ali A, AsefFa A, Davey G. The burden of neglected Tropical disease in Ethiopia and Elimination","volume":"5","author":"Deribe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Vect."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003738","article-title":"Impact of the use of a rapid diagnostic test for visceral leishmaniasis on clinical practice in Ethiopia: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Diro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planning and Programming Department, FMOH, Health and health related indicators"},{"key":"B20","year":"2020","journal-title":"BZHO(Borena Zonal Health Office)report of VL cases in 2020 in Borena zone,Oromia,Ethiopia"},{"key":"B21","year":"2021","journal-title":"DDHO(Dire district halt office). district profile of Dire, Borena zone, Oromia, Ethiopia"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0470-1","article-title":"Risk factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis a case control study north-weastrn Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Yared","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vect."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9088.1000e118","article-title":"Risk factors associated with leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Oryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Surg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004187","article-title":"Determinants of visceral leishmaniasis: a casecontrol study in Gedaref State, Sudan","volume":"9","author":"Nackers","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04542-z","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in human and dog, Benishangul Gumuz regional state, Western Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Bejano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vect"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"12","article-title":"Seroprevalence of asymptomatic leishmania donovani among laborers and associated risk factors in agricultural camps of West Armachiho District, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2018","author":"Ayehu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hindawi."},{"key":"B27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guideline for Diagnosis,treatment and prevention of leishimanisis in Ethiopia Adi Abeba"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0738","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, Western Ethiopia: reemerging or emerging","volume":"95","author":"Abera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.10.004","article-title":"Serological investigation of visceral Leishmania infection in human and its associated risk factors in Welkait District W. Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Bsrat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3452-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Shebelle Zone of Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Alebie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vect"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225083","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225083","article-title":"An epidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in North East Ethiopia using serological and leishmanin skin tests","volume":"14","author":"Tadese","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812749","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia.I. Cross-sectional leishmanin skin test in an endemic locality.","volume":"87","author":"Ali","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/IQ.29.2.c","article-title":"Community views on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Istalif, Afghanistan: implications for treatment and prevention","author":"Tewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Q Community Health Educ"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000639","article-title":"Risk factors for anthroponotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis at the household level in Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"4","author":"Reithinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoSNegl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001813","article-title":"Factors associated with leishmania asymptomatic infection: results from a cross-sectional survey in highland Northern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Custodio","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym275","article-title":"Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: a case-control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda","volume":"37","author":"Kolaczinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.308","article-title":"Kirigi G. Spatial clustering and epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in two endemic villages, Baringo District, Kenya","volume":"74","author":"Rashid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Tropic Med Hygiene."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20140206.20","article-title":"Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis infection in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"Bantie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Control Study"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007722","article-title":"Prevalence and environmental determinants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural communities in Tigray, northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Yohannes","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00231-w","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-central Ethiopia: trend, clinical forms, geographic distribution, and determinant","volume":"48","author":"Eshetu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropic Med Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100809","article-title":"One health approach to leishmaniases: understanding the disease dynamics through diagnostic tools","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.03.018","article-title":"Preliminary study on investigation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in endemic foci of Ethiopia by detecting Leishmania infections in rodents","volume":"10","author":"Lemma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Tropic Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80012-3","article-title":"RND Emergence or re-emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in areas of Somalia, north-eastern Kenya, and south-eastern Ethiopia","volume":"97","author":"Marlet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.917536\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T05:29:41Z","timestamp":1669008581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.917536\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.917536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.917536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"article-number":"917536"}}