{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:22:46Z","timestamp":1791994966661,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a high-burden respiratory infectious disease. There was a sharp decline in the number of confirmed TB cases during the pandemic; this is likely to be influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic response, with under-reporting due to resource diversion. There are typically 13,000 tuberculosis-associated deaths in Afghanistan annually, with significant problems posed by drug-resistant TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Afghanistan on Kabul residents who visited the adult outpatient departments of public hospitals for any health-related reason from 1st January to 20th March 2022. The study scored their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward tuberculosis. The sample size was calculated using Epi-Info, and the minimum sample size was 385. The sampling method is chosen the non-probability convenient sampling for data gathering. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28, and we used the Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square or fisher extract test, spearman correlations, and binary logistic regression model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 829 participants, 450 (54.3%) were males and 379 (45.7) females. The median age was 28 years, and 63.3% were married. Most participants were unemployed (75.5%), but 54% had a monthly income &amp;gt;3,000 Afghanis, indicating the reliance on family. By TB knowledge score, 727 (87.7%) participants had good knowledge, and 800 (96.5%) participants had a positive attitude toward treatment and control. Only 2 participants reported poor practices regarding prevention. Regarding the binary logistic regression, young age, being a male, belonging to the \u201c1,000\u20133,000\u201d Afghani monthly income category, and having a positive attitude were significant predictors of good TB knowledge (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value = 0.009, 0.000, 0.003, and 0.009), respectively. A positive attitude was expected to have good knowledge 6.035 times more than a negative attitude (95% CI: 1.572\u201323.167).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study findings highlighted that outpatients in Kabul had good knowledge, attitude, and practice toward TB. More studies are needed to highlight KAP in different Afghan populations, including in other parts of the country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.933005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T05:39:56Z","timestamp":1657517996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Toward Tuberculosis Among Hospital Outpatients in Kabul, Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Yasir","family":"Essar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Jan","family":"Rezayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar Ahmed","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshaduddin","family":"Nasery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamim Jan","family":"Danishmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Nemat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis Report s"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Tuberculosis - Symptoms and Causes - Mayo Clinic"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Tuberculosis: Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanda-KapataP\n            NtoumiF\n            KapataN\n            LunguP\n            Mucheleng'angaLA\n            ChakayaJ\n          35341998Tuberculosis, HIV\/AIDS and Malaria Health Services in sub-Saharan Africa \u2013 A Situation Analysis of the Disruptions and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.033"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis Report2021"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Afghanistan. Tuberculosis Kills 13 000 Afghans Every Year. World Health Organization - Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"More Afghans Killed by Tuberculosis Than COVID in 2020"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Tuberculosis Infection Prevention and Associated Factors Among Rural and Urban Adults in Northeast Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study | PLOS Global Public Health"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Tuberculosis Hits More Men Than Women. But Not in Afghanistan. The New Humanitarian2021"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10055-2","article-title":"Tuberculosis-related stigma and its determinants in Dalian, Northeast China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Health Literacy Knowledge Related to Tuberculosis Among Outpatient | RRTM"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00004-4","article-title":"Polio amid a humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan: challenges and recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Tharwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00583-X","article-title":"Respiratory health and critical care concerns in Afghanistan","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Resp Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03002","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.03002","article-title":"Call for solidarity: the war may be over in Afghanistan but the health crises continue","volume":"12","author":"Narain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4292-2","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and preventive practice towards tuberculosis among clients visiting public health facilities","volume":"12","author":"Kasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2","article-title":"Basic principles of ROC analysis","volume":"8","author":"Metz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-804","article-title":"Community knowledge, attitude, and practices towards tuberculosis in Shinile town, Somali regional state, eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Tolossa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255327","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255327","article-title":"Patient delay and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in Gamo zone public health facilities, southern ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Arja","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09685-3","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice towards tuberculosis in Gambia: a nationwide cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"Bashorun","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"391","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude and preventive behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis among myanmar refugees in ban mai nai soi temporary shelter, Mae Hong Son, Thailand","volume":"27","author":"Sreechat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S287288","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards tuberculosis among clients visiting tepi general hospital outpatient departments, 2019","volume":"13","author":"Angelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224196","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to TB among the general population of Ethiopia: findings from a national cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Datiko","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"Knowledge, Awareness, and Health-Seeking Behaviour Regarding Tuberculosis in a Rural District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.933005\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T05:40:02Z","timestamp":1657518002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.933005\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.933005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.933005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"article-number":"933005"}}