{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T21:00:56Z","timestamp":1788037256995,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in China in December 2019 and quickly spread across the world. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are the key to control the transmission of respiratory viruses. To stop the spread, NPI is widely recommended and is still followed by most countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the National Influenza Center of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), the surveillance of severe acute respiratory illness and acute respiratory illness cases for influenza and other respiratory viruses is in place. In this study, we analyzed surveillance data on respiratory viruses and\/or SARS-CoV-2 testing from January 2017 to December 2021. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect the respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that during the pandemic, the positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human coronavirus declined significantly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The annual distinct seasonal outbreaks of influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses as observed during the pre-COVID-19 period were not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic in years 2020 and 21. Social distancing, lock-downs, and non-pharmaceutical interventions may play an important role in the reduction of respiratory viruses. Understanding the seasonal respiratory virus decline could help public health experts prepare for future respiratory virus pandemics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.936634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T11:27:42Z","timestamp":1662636462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A retrospective analysis of respiratory virus transmission before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pune the western region of India"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sumit","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manohar Lal","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheetal","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Vipat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Ghuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonali","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Kinikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Padbidri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Bafna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Bavdekare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"D'costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilesh","family":"Gujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Potdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1144","article-title":"Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as predictors of hospital admission for myocardial infarction and stroke: Time series analysis of English data for 2004\u20132015","volume":"67","author":"Blackburn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.4.487","article-title":"The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Fendrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00480-0","article-title":"Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"396","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03324-6","article-title":"mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants","volume":"592","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100514","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, can you be over it","volume":"14","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":""},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006207","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006207.pub5","article-title":"Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses","volume":"11","author":"Jefferson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"W. H. O. for the Laboratory Diagnosis and Virological Surveillance of Influenza"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":""},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_890_17","article-title":"Respiratory viruses in returning Hajj & Umrah pilgrims with acute respiratory illness in 2014-2015","volume":"148","author":"Koul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_638_20","article-title":"espiratory virus detection among the overseas returnees during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in India","volume":"151","author":"Potdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104795","article-title":"Significant impact of nationwide SARS-CoV-2 lockdown measures on the circulation of other respiratory virus infections in Austria","volume":"137","author":"Redlberger-Fritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26964","article-title":"Where have all the viruses gone? disappearance of seasonal respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"93","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.010","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 has displaced other seasonal respiratory viruses: results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Poole","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00151-1","article-title":"The effect of seasonal respiratory virus transmission on syndromic surveillance for COVID-19 in Ontario, Canada","volume":"21","author":"Maharaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16381","article-title":"Decreased influenza activ- ity during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020","volume":"20","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1777803","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 public health interventions on influenza incidence in Thailand","volume":"114","author":"Suntronwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa672","article-title":"Impact of public health interventions on sea- sonal influenza activity during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea","volume":"13620","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201192","article-title":"Collateral benefit of COVID-19 control measures on influenza activity, Taiwan","volume":"26","author":"S-Ch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6173","article-title":"Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS\u2013CoV-2 Outbreak in Japan","volume":"323","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2020.10.010","article-title":"Disappearance of summer influenza in the Oki- nawa prefecture during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Investig."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.039","article-title":"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions targeted at COVID-19 pandemic on influenza burden- a systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Fricke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252963","article-title":"Impact of social distancing on the spread of common respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease outbreak","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253451","article-title":"Respiratory virus surveillance in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: An epidemiological analysis of the effectiveness of pandemic-related public health measures in reducing seasonal respiratory viruses test positivity","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab311","article-title":"Changes in seasonal respiratory illnesses in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"73","author":"Rodgers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa511","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa511","article-title":"Precipitous fall in common respiratory viral infections during COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Parry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25464","article-title":"Incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory infections in the Northern United Arab Emirates","volume":"91","author":"Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1295847","article-title":"Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Rath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1012","article-title":"Risk factors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized adults identified through the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET)","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","article-title":"Virus-virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold","volume":"116","author":"Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.936634\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T11:27:44Z","timestamp":1662636464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.936634\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.936634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.936634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"article-number":"936634"}}