{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:48:39Z","timestamp":1792446519920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001845","name":"Science for Equity, Empowerment and Development Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001845","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inappropriate use of pesticides followed by unsafe handling practices to control the insect infestation among the farming groups in developing countries has resulted in a high exposure risk. The use of personal protective equipment is also negligible among Indian farmers due to their affordability to access the same. Very little research has been conducted to establish an exposure assessment procedure through dermal penetration of pesticide residues. Therefore, to quantify the contamination of pesticide residues through dermal exposure along with detailed field observations and pesticide management practices, a field study was conducted in Rangareddy district, Telangana, Southern India, to assess the dermal exposure based on dosimeter and hand washing methods. The analytical method was modified and validated in-house for performance parameters such as limit of detection, quantification, linear range, recovery, and precision. The potential dermal exposure values ranged from 0.15 to 13.45 \u03bcg, while a reduction was found in exposure levels as actual dermal exposure values ranged from 0 to 0.629 \u03bcg. Contamination through hand washing was the major contributor to overall dermal exposure. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the exposed dermal regions of the leg and torso after the use of PPE. Penetration factor for each anatomical region and risk evaluation in terms of the Margin of Safety implies unsafe handling of pesticides. The findings of the present study confirm the increased exposure to organophosphate pesticides among operators and highlight the importance of the use of protective measures, especially among those that focus on dermal exposure mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T09:02:13Z","timestamp":1661331733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides among farmers using dosimeter and hand washing methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Summaiya","family":"Lari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmaja R.","family":"Jonnalagadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Yamagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srujana","family":"Medithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janardhan","family":"Vanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Pandiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babban","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-015-0327-9","article-title":"Eight principles of integrated pest management","volume":"35","author":"Barzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron Sustain Dev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8062265","article-title":"Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review","volume":"8","author":"Mnif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.01025","article-title":"Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives","volume":"268","author":"Mostafalou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Impact of pesticides on environmental and human health\n            FrancoMF\n            PazinM\n            PereiraLC\n          \n            AndreazzaAC\n            ScolaG\n          10.5772.\/5971029569196"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00148","article-title":"Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture","volume":"4","author":"Nicolopoulou-Stamati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.07004","article-title":"Dermal exposure associated with occupational end use of pesticides and the role of protective measures","volume":"4","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saf Health Work."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101490","article-title":"Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece)","volume":"71","author":"Koureas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Occupational Pesticide Handler Exposure Data2021"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130491","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0491","article-title":"Measuring pesticide ecological and health risks in West African agriculture to establish an enabling environment for sustainable intensification","volume":"369","author":"Jepson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"A cross-sectional study to assess knowledge, practice and self- reported morbidity symptoms of pesticide use among farm women410416\n            MedithiS\n            KasaYD\n            LariS\n            NagarajuR\n            KodaliV\n            JonnalagaddaPR\n          Indian J Commun Health292017"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.09034","article-title":"Potential dermal exposure to deltamethrin and risk assessment for manual sprayers: influence of crop type","volume":"391","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630217750876","article-title":"Pesticide poisonings in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"12","author":"J\u00f8rs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Insights."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040340","article-title":"Pesticide knowledge and safety practices among farm workers in Kuwait: Results of a survey","volume":"14","author":"Jallow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to food\n            EuropeanUnion\n          Policy Department for External Relations, Directorate General for External Policies of the Union2021"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Environmental Health Criteria 242 Dermal Exposure2014"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meu014","article-title":"Validation and comparison of two sampling methods to assess dermal exposure to drilling fluids and crude oil","volume":"58","author":"Galea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Occupat Hyg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103319","article-title":"Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides in a pooled analysis of agricultural cohorts within the AGRICOH consortium","volume":"73","author":"Brouwer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.05009","article-title":"Occupational dermal exposure to nanoparticles and nano-enabled products: Part I\u2014Factors affecting skin absorption","volume":"219","author":"Larese Filon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health."},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3944","article-title":"Guidance on the EU Menu methodology","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No2011"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"977","volume-title":"Sampling and Analysis for Non-occupational Pesticide Exposure Assessments, Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Chapter 43)","author":"Fortmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.11071","article-title":"Pesticide potential dermal exposure during the manipulation of concentrated mixtures at small horticultural and floricultural production units in Argentina: the formulation effect","volume":"472","author":"Berenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Tot Environ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.071","article-title":"Pesticide potential dermal exposure during the manipulation of concentrated mixtures at small horticultural and floricultural production units in Argentina: The formulation effect","volume":"472","author":"Berenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Tot Environ"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-009-9753-1","article-title":"Performance of different work clothing types for reducing skin exposure to pesticides during open field treatment","volume":"83","author":"Protano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.02129","article-title":"Human and soil exposure during mechanical chlorpyrifos, myclobutanil and copper oxychloride application in a peach orchard in Argentina","volume":"586","author":"Berenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0212209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212209","article-title":"Dissipation, persistence, and risk assessment of fluxapyroxad and penthiopyrad residues in perilla leaf (Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara)","volume":"14","author":"Noh","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e03093","article-title":"Human exposure and mass balance distribution during procymidone application in horticultural greenhouses","volume":"6","author":"Fit\u00f3 Friedrichs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Note for guidance on validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology (CPMP\/ICH\/381\/95)1995"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120504670","article-title":"Dermal exposure assessment to pesticides in farming systems in developing countries: comparison of models","volume":"12","author":"Lesmes Fabian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Insecticides \/ Pesticides Registered under section 9(3) of the Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in the Country2022"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"75","article-title":"Measurement of the exposure of workers to pesticides","volume":"26","author":"Durham","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.104527","article-title":"Critical review of the role of PPE in the prevention of risks related to agricultural pesticide use","volume":"123","author":"Garrigou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf Sci."},{"key":"B34","article-title":"Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Government of India","year":"2021"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.02235","article-title":"Potential dermal exposure to operators applying pesticide on greenhouse crops using low-cost equipment","volume":"630","author":"Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.04019","article-title":"Dermal exposure assessment of pesticide use: the case of sprayers in potato farms in the Colombian highlands","volume":"430","author":"Lesmes-Fabian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of dermal exposure of operator in greenhouse spraying","volume":"48","author":"Yarpuz-Bozdogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agri Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072273","article-title":"Operator dermal exposure to pesticides in tomato and strawberry greenhouses from hand-held sprayers","volume":"10","author":"Cerruto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.09021","article-title":"Dermal and inhalation exposure of operators during fungicide application in vineyards: evaluation of coverall performance","volume":"470","author":"Tsakirakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Tot Environ."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.10229","article-title":"Potential dermal exposure assessment of farmers to herbicide imazapic in an agriculture area. ASEAN-Turkey ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) conferences on quality of life 2016. AMER international conference on quality of life, 25 \u2013 27 February 2016, Medan, Indonesia","author":"Mazlan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proced - Soc Behav Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.03062","article-title":"Dermal exposure of applicators to chlorpyrifos on rice farms in Ghana","volume":"178","author":"Atabila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10642","DOI":"10.1021\/jf403169t","article-title":"Assessment of the exposure of workers to the insecticide imidacloprid during application on various field crops by a hand-held power sprayer","volume":"61","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Agri Food Chem."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.07018","article-title":"Assessment of potential dermal and inhalation exposure of workers to the insecticide imidacloprid using whole-body dosimetry in China","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-008-9225-3","article-title":"Operative modalities and exposure to pesticides during open field treatments among a group of agricultural subcontractors","volume":"57","author":"Vitali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Hand wash and manual skin wipes50110\n            BrouwerDH\n            BoenigerMF\n            van HemmenJJ\n          11042251Ann Occupat Hyg442000"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957774\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T09:02:23Z","timestamp":1661331743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957774\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957774","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"article-number":"957774"}}