{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:25:14Z","timestamp":1790141114241,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gaps remained in the updated information of the firearm violence (FV) burden from a global landscape. Understanding the global burden of FV could contribute to decision-making.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on the FV burden, including physical violence by firearm (PVF), self-harm by firearm (SHF), and unintentional firearm injuries (UFI), were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. The temporal trends of age-standardized rate (ASR) were estimated using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2019, PVF, SHF, and UFI reported 710.64 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, 335.25 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, and 2,133.88 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively, incident cases worldwide. Their ASR (\/100,000 people-years) were 9.31, 4.05, and 28.07. During 1990\u20132019, the overall incident ASRs of PVF presented an increasing trend (EAPC = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48 to 0.75). Notably, pronounced increasing trends were observed in Tropical Latin America, and North Africa and Middle East. However, incident trends of SHF and UFI declined globally, with the respective EAPCs being \u22120.68 (95% CI: \u22120.83 to \u22120.54) and \u22120.98 (95% CI: \u22121.19 to \u22120.77). In 2019, the ASR of death due to PVF, SHF, and UFI were 2.23, 0.65, and 0.26, and that of DALYs were 127.56, 28.10, and 17.64, respectively. Decreasing trends in the ASRs of FV were observed in most regions and countries worldwide over the past three decades, particularly that of PVF in Estonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FV burden was heterogeneous across regions and countries, which was deeply subjected to socioeconomic factors. The findings highlighted that specific prevention strategies and interventions were required, particularly in the high prevalent settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.966507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T08:19:46Z","timestamp":1661847586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Global burden and trends of firearm violence in 204 countries\/territories from 1990 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zejin","family":"Ou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixian","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danping","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.05.012","article-title":"Firearm violence in america: a growing health problem","volume":"18","author":"Baroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510400067034","article-title":"Firearm violence and public health Limiting the availability of guns","volume":"84","author":"Adler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Ga."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016","author":"Naghavi","year":""},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00131-8","article-title":"The effects of armed conflict on the health of women and children","volume":"397","author":"Boerma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X17006495","article-title":"Fatalities from firearm-related injuries in selected governorates of Iraq, 2010-2013","volume":"32","author":"Nerlander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216061","article-title":"Trends and patterns of deaths, injuries and intentional disabilities within the Libyan armed conflict: 2012-2017","author":"Daw","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30018-0","article-title":"Mexico USA. 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