{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:24:16Z","timestamp":1782923056046,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent reviews summarize evidence that some vaccines have heterologous or non-specific effects (NSE), potentially offering protection against multiple pathogens. Numerous economic evaluations examine vaccines' pathogen-specific effects, but less than a handful focus on NSE. This paper addresses that gap by reporting economic evaluations of the NSE of oral polio vaccine (OPV) against under-five mortality and COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied two settings: (1) reducing child mortality in a high-mortality setting (Guinea-Bissau) and (2) preventing COVID-19 in India. In the former, the intervention involves three annual campaigns in which children receive OPV incremental to routine immunization. In the latter, a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model was developed to estimate the population benefits of two scenarios, in which OPV would be co-administered alongside COVID-19 vaccines. Incremental cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost ratios were modeled for ranges of intervention effectiveness estimates to supplement the headline numbers and account for heterogeneity and uncertainty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For child mortality, headline cost-effectiveness was $650 per child death averted. For COVID-19, assuming OPV had 20% effectiveness, incremental cost per death averted was $23,000\u201365,000 if it were administered simultaneously with a COVID-19 vaccine &amp;lt;200 days into a wave of the epidemic. If the COVID-19 vaccine availability were delayed, the cost per averted death would decrease to $2600\u20136100. Estimated benefit-to-cost ratios vary but are consistently high.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Economic evaluation suggests the potential of OPV to efficiently reduce child mortality in high mortality environments. Likewise, within a broad range of assumed effect sizes, OPV (or another vaccine with NSE) could play an economically attractive role against COVID-19 in countries facing COVID-19 vaccine delays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The contribution by DTJ was supported through grants from Trond Mohn Foundation (BFS2019MT02) and Norad (RAF-18\/0009) through the Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.967920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T11:23:02Z","timestamp":1664968982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["One vaccine to counter many diseases? Modeling the economics of oral polio vaccine against child mortality and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Angela Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Avidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano M.","family":"Bertozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Blatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Chumakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabaana A.","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Kottilil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhav","family":"Nekkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean T.","family":"Jamison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00103","article-title":"Return on investment from immunization against 10 pathogens in 94 low- and middle-income Countries, 2011\u201330","volume":"39","author":"Sim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32657-X","article-title":"Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study","volume":"397","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4262","article-title":"Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19?","volume":"368","author":"Chumakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30653-8","article-title":"BCG-induced non-specific effects on heterologous infectious disease in Ugandan neonates: An investigator-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Prentice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2017287","article-title":"Health economic analyses of secondary vaccine effects,: a","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2022"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329968","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1329968","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of providing measles vaccination to all children in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"10","author":"Byberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Health Action."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13614","article-title":"Health economic analysis for oral poliovirus vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Analysis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0705-1_9","article-title":"Potential Use of nonpathogenic enteroviruses for control of human disease","volume":"36","author":"Voroshilova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog Med Virol."},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Stopping Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) after Defeating Poliomyelitis: A Pyrrhic Victory? 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