{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:18Z","timestamp":1790745198327,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies implemented working from home to mitigate the spread of the disease among their employees. Using data from <jats:italic>Corona Immunitas Nestl\u00e9<\/jats:italic>, a seroepidemiological study conducted among employees from two Nestl\u00e9 sites in Switzerland, we aimed to investigate whether there was a difference in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates between employees working most of the time from home and employees mobilized in a workplace equipped with a specialized occupational safety unit and strict sanitary measures. We also investigated whether this association was modified by household size, living with children, vulnerability, worries about an infection, and worries about adverse health consequences if infected. Data were collected between 8 December 2020, and 11 February 2021. Previous SARS-CoV-2 infections were ascertained by the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the blood. Of the 425 employees included (53% women; mean age 42 years ranging between 21 and 64 years), 37% worked most of the time from home in 2020 and 16% had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Participants who worked most of the time from home in 2020 had slightly higher odds of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to participants who never or only sometimes worked from home (adjusted OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.73\u20132.27). The association was stronger in participants living alone or with one other person (adjusted OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.13\u20136.25). Among participants living with two or more other persons (adjusted OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.30\u20131.39) and among vulnerable participants (adjusted OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.13\u20131.93), working from home tended to be associated with lower odds of infection. In conclusion, in a context of strict sanitary measures implemented in the workplace, employees working from home did not seem to be at lower risk of infection compared to those working on site, especially if living alone or with one other person.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T09:15:54Z","timestamp":1663319754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 infection among employees working from home and on site: An occupational study in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexia","family":"Schmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bureau-Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Piccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Colombo Mottaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Cullati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Chiolero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Yves","family":"Rodondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Teleworking Arrangements During COVID-19 Crisis and Beyond.2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.13075\/mp.5893.01036","article-title":"Biological Security of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in large workplaces outside the healthcare sector \u2013 an epidemiologist's point of view","volume":"72","author":"Hanke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Pr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.13.21257161","article-title":"Occupation, Work-Related Contact, and SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Nucleocapsid Serological Status: Findings from the Virus Watch Prospective Cohort Study","volume-title":"Occup Environ Med.","author":"Beale","year":"2021"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157847","article-title":"COVID-19 Prevention and control measures in workplace settings: a rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ingram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02431-z","article-title":"Is living in a household with children associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in adults?","volume":"20","author":"Blankenberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results from the Swiss National Seroprevalence Study Corona Immunitas BMC Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100148","article-title":"Exposures associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in France: a nationwide online case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Galmiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Heal \u2013 Eur."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.31756","article-title":"Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume-title":"JAMA Netw Open","author":"Madewell","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01494-0","article-title":"Corona immunitas: study protocol of a nationwide program of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Seroepidemiologic Studies in Switzerland","volume":"65","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01828-20","article-title":"Changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike versus nucleoprotein antibody responses impact the estimates of infections in population-based seroprevalence studies","volume-title":"J Virol.","author":"Fenwick","year":"2021"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n917","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n917","article-title":"Overcoming spectrum bias for accurate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimates","volume":"373","author":"Puhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23796-4","article-title":"Large variation in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among essential workers in Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"12","author":"Stringhini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821002478","article-title":"Societal activities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case-control study in Denmark, November 2020","volume":"150","author":"Munch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321604","article-title":"Sharing a household with children and risk of COVID-19: A Study of over 300 000 Adults Living in Healthcare Worker Households in Scotland","volume":"106","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26479-2","article-title":"Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104765","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of IgG anti-nucleocapsid antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients up to eight months after infection","volume":"136","author":"Van Elslande","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19478-2","article-title":"Collider bias undermines our understanding of COVID-19 disease risk and severity","volume":"11","author":"Griffith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c2289","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2289","article-title":"Random measurement error and regression dilution bias","volume":"340","author":"Hutcheon","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3862","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3862","article-title":"Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"371","author":"Cevik","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2126","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2126","article-title":"Elimination of COVID-19: beware of surveillance bias","volume":"374","author":"Tancredi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihab005","article-title":"Humoral immunological kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and diagnostic performance of serological assays for coronavirus disease 2019: an analysis of global reports","volume":"14","author":"Emeribe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Health."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23733-5","article-title":"Insights into household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a population-based serological survey","volume":"12","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12847","article-title":"Working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic, its effects on health, and recommendations: the pandemic and beyond","volume-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care","author":"Birimoglu Okuyan","year":"2022"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12212","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12212","article-title":"Associations of working from home with occupational physical activity and sedentary behavior under the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"63","author":"Fukushima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Occup Health."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7857","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217857","article-title":"COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Giorgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqab051","article-title":"The post COVID-19 pandemic future of work","volume":"71","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00259-0","article-title":"Work and worker health in the post-pandemic world: a public health perspective","volume":"7","author":"Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041826","article-title":"Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19","volume-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","author":"Ipsen","year":"2021"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Key Figures Switzerland: Laboratory-Confirmed Cases2021"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Corona Immunitas Nestl\u00e9: SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Employees, Report 1","author":"Schmid","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980482\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T09:16:08Z","timestamp":1663319768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980482\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"article-number":"980482"}}