{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:27:35Z","timestamp":1787027255204,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the burden of potential productivity losses due to uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in LMICs among the working-age population in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We extracted data for the prevalence of presbyopia from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019. Data for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were extracted from the World Bank database and Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. We introduced life table models to construct age cohorts (in 5-year age groups) of the working-age population (aged from 40 to 64 years old) in LMICs, with simulated follow-up until 65 years old in people with and without uncorrected presbyopia. The differences in productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lived and productivity between these two cohorts were calculated. The potential productivity loss was estimated based on GDP per capita. The WHO standard 3% annual discount rate was applied to all years of life and PALYs lived.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2019, there were 238.40 million (95% confidence interval [CI]: 150.92\u2013346.78 million) uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia cases in LMICs, resulting in 54.13 billion (current US dollars) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.34\u201379.02 billion) potential productivity losses. With simulated follow-up until retirement, those with uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia were predicted to experience an additional loss of 155 million PALYs (an average loss of 0.7 PALYs per case), which was equivalent to a total loss of US$ 315 billion (an average loss of US$ 1453.72 per person).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight the considerable productivity losses due to uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in LMICs, especially in a longitudinal manner. There is a great need for the development of enabling eye care policies and programs to create access to eye care services, and more healthcare investment in the correction of presbyopia in the working-age population in LMICs. This study could provide evidences for some potential health-related strategies for socio-economic development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.983423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T02:07:06Z","timestamp":1665454026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Potential productivity loss from uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in low- and middle-income countries: A life table modeling study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunliang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of presbyopia and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling","volume":"125","author":"Fricke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12126","article-title":"The aging population: demographics and the biology of aging","volume":"72","author":"Kanasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1731","article-title":"Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia","volume":"126","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12308","article-title":"Review of the impact of presbyopia on quality of life in the developing and developed world","volume":"92","author":"Goertz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.06.051","article-title":"Age-related prevalence and met need for correctable and uncorrectable near vision impairment in a multi-country study","volume":"121","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.22608\/APO.2018449","article-title":"Impact of presbyopia and its correction in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1786589","article-title":"Willingness to pay for spectacle: an outreach-based cross-sectional study","volume":"28","author":"Alemu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580490888799","article-title":"Prevalence of non-vision-impairing conditions in a village in Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-0213438","article-title":"Study of some epidemiological determinants of ocular morbid conditions in the rural area of central India","volume":"2","author":"Shrote","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","article-title":"Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.11.1577","article-title":"Associations of presbyopia with vision-targeted health-related quality of life","volume":"121","author":"McDonnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6353","article-title":"Quality of life and near vision impairment due to functional presbyopia among rural Chinese adults","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1192","article-title":"A population-based assessment of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh, south India: the Andhra Pradesh eye disease study","volume":"47","author":"Nirmalan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2003000200022","article-title":"Prevalence of near vision deficiency and related factors: a population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Duarte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.028","article-title":"Impact of presbyopia on quality of life in a rural African setting","volume":"113","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23224","article-title":"The economic burden of visual impairment and comorbid fatigue: a cost-of-illness study (From a societal perspective)","volume":"59","author":"Schakel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-021-00664-0","article-title":"Employment trends at older ages: policy impact or secular change?","volume":"19","author":"Deeg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.04.014","article-title":"The global burden of potential productivity loss from uncorrected presbyopia","volume":"122","author":"Frick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30329-2","article-title":"Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.25259\/IHOPEJO_15_2021","article-title":"The lancet global health commission on global eye health: vision beyond 2020","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2138","article-title":"The productivity burden of diabetes at a population level","volume":"41","author":"Magliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4875-4","article-title":"The impact of diabetes on productivity in China","volume":"62","author":"Hird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12606","article-title":"Productivity burden of hypertension in Australia","volume":"73","author":"Hird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0085-1","article-title":"Choosing an epidemiological model structure for the economic evaluation of non-communicable disease public health interventions","volume":"14","author":"Briggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr."},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Making Choices in Health: Who Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis","author":"Edejer","year":"2003"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02110-4","article-title":"The magnitude and cost of global blindness: an increasing problem that can be alleviated","volume":"135","author":"Frick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.055673","article-title":"Potential lost productivity resulting from the global burden of uncorrected refractive error","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100852","article-title":"Global economic productivity losses from vision impairment and blindness","volume":"35","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.12.011","article-title":"The quality of life associated with presbyopia","volume":"145","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62081-9","article-title":"Disability weights for vision disorders in global burden of disease study","volume":"381","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311258","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of vision loss in high-income countries and in Eastern and Central Europe in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections","volume":"102","author":"Bourne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.09.004","article-title":"Presbyopia: effectiveness of correction strategies","volume":"68","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-4432.2012.04.015","article-title":"Personalizing of spectacles","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye science."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12091","article-title":"Developments in the correction of presbyopia I: spectacle and contact lenses","volume":"34","author":"Charman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optics J Br College Ophthalmic Opticians Optometr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.03.013","article-title":"Multifocal and accommodating intraocular lenses for the treatment of presbyopia: a report by the American academy of ophthalmology","volume":"128","author":"Schallhorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S35533","article-title":"Surgical management of presbyopia","volume":"6","author":"Torricelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.22608\/APO.2017186","article-title":"Multifocal intraocular lenses and extended depth of focus intraocular lenses","volume":"6","author":"Breyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pacific J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2017.09.18","article-title":"Comparison of FDA safety and efficacy data for KAMRA and raindrop corneal inlays","volume":"10","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101711010059","article-title":"Corneal refractive procedures for the treatment of presbyopia","volume":"11","author":"Moussa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1204-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of extended depth of focus intraocular lenses in cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20170621-05","article-title":"Ciliary muscle electrostimulation to restore accommodation in patients with early presbyopia: preliminary results","volume":"33","author":"Gualdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Refract Surgery."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01391-z","article-title":"Topical lipoic acid choline ester eye drop for improvement of near visual acuity in subjects with presbyopia: a safety and preliminary efficacy trial","volume":"35","author":"Korenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580902999447","article-title":"Stated and actual willingness to pay for spectacles in timor-leste","volume":"16","author":"Ramke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3154","article-title":"Presbyopic spectacle coverage, willingness to pay for near correction, and the impact of correcting uncorrected presbyopia in adults in Zanzibar, East Africa","volume":"51","author":"Laviers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.122192","article-title":"Using assessment of willingness to pay to improve a Cambodian spectacle service","volume":"92","author":"Ramke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000172","article-title":"Population-based cross-sectional study of barriers to utilisation of refraction services in South India: rapid assessment of refractive errors (RARE) study","volume":"1","author":"Marmamula","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Open."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.983423\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T02:07:11Z","timestamp":1665454031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.983423\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2022.983423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.983423","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"article-number":"983423"}}