{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:22:50Z","timestamp":1783948970448,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depression is a prevalent mental disorder that has an irreversible impact on people\u2019s health status. Unhealthy lifestyles are modifiable and influence mental health significantly. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of different unhealthy lifestyles and their patterns on depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data for this study were obtained from the 2017 Community Diagnostic survey in Daxing District, Beijing. It was a cross-sectional study that included 6,252 samples. The Patient Health Questionnaire version 9 was used to measure depressive symptoms, and the self-administered questionaires were used to investigate five unhealthy lifestyles, including sleep deprivation, the inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. Respondents were assigned 1 point for each of their unhealthy lifestyles, and their overall unhealthy lifestyle scores were calculated. The total scores of unhealthy lifestyles ranged from 0 to 5. Descriptive analyses and Firth\u2019s logistic regression model were used to analyze the relationship between unhealthy lifestyle and depression symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was found that 12.1% of the participants had depressive symptoms. The respondents whose unhealthy lifestyle scores were 2 (OR1.45, 95%CI:1.01 to 2.12), 3 (OR2.29, 95%CI:1.57 to 3.42), 4 (OR 3.04, 95%CI:1.96 to 4.76), or 5 (OR4.08, 95%CI:2.09 to 7.78) were more likely to experience depressive symptoms in comparison with those whose unhealthy lifestyle scores were 0, and the OR increased with the unhealthy lifestyle scores. When the participants had 3 or more unhealthy lifestyles at the same time, different combination patterns of unhealthy lifestyles showed a different effect on depression. The OR was 3.01 (95%CI:1.45 to 5.95) for the combination of sleep deprivation\u2014insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables\u2014excessive alcohol consumption, and was 2.89 (95%CI:1.52 to 5.25) for the combination of sleep deprivation\u2014insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables\u2014physical inactivity\u2014excessive alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The co-existence of multiple unhealthy behavioral lifestyles are associated with depressive symptoms. Among the five unhealthy lifestyles, sleep deprivation and the inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables may have a greater impact on depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1055209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T13:52:10Z","timestamp":1681307530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The relationship between unhealthy lifestyle patterns and depressive symptoms among residents in Beijing, China: A community-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Litong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20231","article-title":"Toward a new definition of mental health","volume":"14","author":"Galderisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(18)30511-x","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03121-9","article-title":"Polash Shajahan. 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