{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:53:26Z","timestamp":1791572006258,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Work-related stressors common to agriculture have been associated with adverse mental health outcomes among adult farmers and ranchers. However, the mental health status of agricultural youth is unknown, despite farm and ranch youth being exposed to the same occupational hazards as their adult counterparts. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety among farm adults and their adolescent child and examine the correlation between symptoms of mental health conditions and financial indicators described in the Family Stress Model (FSM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Farm families were recruited to participate in online surveys by mail, email, and social media. One adolescent and at least one adult from each family were invited to complete on online survey. Where available, validated instruments were used to collect mental health, stress, family dynamics, and household financial variables. Descriptive statistics were used to describe sample demographics and prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety. Pearson correlations describe associations between variables within the Family Stress Model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Farm families (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 122) completed the online survey. The mean age of farm parents was 41.4 years (SD = 4.4) and the mean age of farm adolescents was 15.4 (1.2). A majority of farm parents and farm adolescents were male, 58.2% and 70.5%, respectively. The sample was primarily white, non-Hispanic. In this sample of farm parents and adolescents alike, 60% met the criteria for at least mild depression, based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-A (PHQ-A). Similarly, among adolescents, 45.1% met the criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), as did 54.9% of adults. As a measure of economic hardship, per capita income by itself showed relatively low correlations, even with other economic measures (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.11 with negative financial events,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.20 with financial needs,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.17 with financial situation, and<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.27 with debt). Parent depressed mood was in turn highly associated with adolescent depression (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.83), social anxiety (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.54), and generalized anxiety (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.69).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show a strong association between parent and adolescent mental health and parental depressed mood and debt. There is not a clear association between economic stress and mental health in this sample, but further work is needed to be done at a population level. Preliminary results are promising for application of the full Family Stress Model as we continue to accrue farm families into the study cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1056487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T06:25:59Z","timestamp":1677738359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mental health of agricultural adolescents and adults: Preliminary results of a five-year study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Josie M.","family":"Rudolphi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 Census of Agriculture"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/002076400004600108","article-title":"Stress in farmers","volume":"46","author":"Booth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764005060844","article-title":"Farming and mental health problems and mental illness","volume":"51","author":"Fraser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01738-2","article-title":"Stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience in Canadian farmers","volume":"55","author":"Jones-Bitton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-019-00480-y","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and stress among young farmers and ranchers: a pilot study","volume":"56","author":"Rudolphi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079919888940","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for depressed mood among farmers","volume":"25","author":"Onwuameze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0274(200004)37:4<382::aid-ajim8>3.0.co;2-4","article-title":"The prevalence of depressive symptoms and risk factors among Iowa and Colorado farmers","volume":"37","author":"Scarth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2019.1674230","article-title":"Farmers' mental health: perceptions from a farm show","volume":"25","author":"Rudolphi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agromed."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/rmh0000121","article-title":"The relationship between social support and depressive symptoms in Midwestern farmers","volume":"34","author":"Bjornestad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rur Ment Health."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2022.2058666","article-title":"An effective mental health literacy program for farm financial service providers","volume":"2022","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Agromed."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2019.1659201","article-title":"Meeting Farmers Where They Are - 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