{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:35:48Z","timestamp":1780050948696,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lodzi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/6-029-07\/503-61-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-029-07\/503-61-001-19-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to assess mortality trends in Poland between 2000 and 2019 in the early and late old age population (65\u201374 years and over 75 years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The work used data on all deaths of Polish residents aged over 65 years (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 5,496,970). The analysis included the five most common major groups of causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system and external causes of mortality. The analysis of time trends has been carried out with the use of joinpoint models. The Annual Percentage Change (APC) for each segments of broken lines, the Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) for the whole study period (95% CI), and standardized death rates (SDRs) were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percentage of deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system decreased in all the studied subgroups. Among malignant neoplasms, lung and bronchus cancers accounted for the largest percentage of deaths, for which the SDRs among men decreased, while those among women increased. In the early old age, the SDR value increased from 67.8 to 76.3 (AAPC = 0.6%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05), while in the late old age group it increased from 112.1 to 155.2 (AAPC = 1.8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Among men, there was an upward trend for prostate cancer (AAPC = 0.4% in the early old age group and AAPC = 0.6% in the late old age group, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) and a downward trend for stomach cancer (AAPC \u22123.2 and \u22122.7%, respectively, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Stomach cancer also showed a decreasing trend among women (AAPC \u22123.2 and \u22123.6%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). SDRs due to influenza and pneumonia were increasing. Increasing trends in mortality due to diseases of the digestive system in women and men in the early old age group have been observed in recent years, due to alcoholic liver disease. Among the external causes of mortality in the late old age group, the most common ones were falls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is necessary to conduct further research that will allow to diagnose risk and health problems of the elderly subpopulation in order to meet the health burden of the aging society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1060028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:43:46Z","timestamp":1678085026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Changes in mortality of Polish residents in the early and late old age due to main causes of death from 2000 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Burzy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pikala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab004","article-title":"Normand Ch, Kenny RA, Nolan A. Mortality risk associated with combinations of loneliness and social isolation findings from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA)","volume":"50","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":""},{"key":"B3","unstructured":""},{"key":"B4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sytuacja os\u00f3b starszych w Polsce w 2020 roku"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003138","article-title":"et al. Population ageing and mortality during 1990\u20132017: a global decomposition analysis","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d8136","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d8136","article-title":"Decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in Poland after socioeconomic transformation: modelling study","volume":"344","author":"Bandosz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B7","author":"Statistics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Demographic situation in Poland up to 2020"},{"key":"B8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health at a Glance"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":""},{"key":"B10","unstructured":""},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::aid-sim336>3.0.co;2-z","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Surveillance Research ProgrammeAverage Annual Percent Change (AAPC)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2007.00512.x","article-title":"Upstream solutions: does the supplemental security income program reduce disability in the elderly?","volume":"86","author":"Herd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6020019","article-title":"et al. Cardiovascular risks associated with gender and aging","volume":"6","author":"Rodgers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-\u22122022 update: a report from the American heart association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61752-3","article-title":"The framingham heart study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective","volume":"15","author":"Mahmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.a2022.0018","article-title":"The burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors: A current problem","volume":"80","author":"Pajak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7137.1047","article-title":"Ecological study of reasons for sharp decline in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Poland since 1991","volume":"316","author":"Zatonski","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156766","article-title":"Ten-year changes in the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of physical activity among polish adults aged 20 to 74 years. Results of the national multicenter health surveys WOBASZ (2003\u20132005) and WOBASZ II (2013\u20132014)","volume":"11","author":"Kwa\u015bniewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.3499","article-title":"et al. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and overweight among adults in Poland. Results of the WOBASZ II study (2013\u20132014) and comparison with the WOBASZ study (2003\u20132005)","volume":"126","author":"Stepaniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2016.0003","article-title":"Are dietary habits of the polish population consistent with the recommendations for prevention of cardiovascular disease?","volume":"74","author":"Wa\u015bkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.22540\/JFSF-07-018","article-title":"Recommendations for physical activity in the elderly population: A scoping review of guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Nikitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7856823","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7856823","article-title":"The importance of physical activity exercise among older people","volume":"5","author":"Langhammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16122","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16122","article-title":"How can exercise reduce cardiovascular disease risk? A primer for the clinician","volume":"131","author":"Dobrosielski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010208","article-title":"Leisure-time physical activity participation trends 2014\u20132018: a cross-sectional study in Poland","volume":"17","author":"Biernat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.822565","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Czech adults: results from the GPAQ study","volume":"14","author":"Hamrik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S167131","article-title":"Stay active for life: physical activity across life stages","volume":"13","author":"Biernat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"POLSENIOR 2","author":"B\u0142edowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Badanie poszczeg\u00f3lnych obszar\u00f3w stanu zdrowia os\u00f3b starszych, w tym jako\u015bci zycia zwiazanej ze zdrowiem"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Eurobarometer\n            EuropeanCommission\n          Sport and Physical Activity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.07.005","article-title":"Unfavorable and favorable changes in modifiable risk factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"269","author":"Virtanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht159","article-title":"Trends in age-specific coronary heart disease mortality in the European Union over three decades: 1980\u20132009","volume":"34","author":"Nichols","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091545","article-title":"Years of life lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in 2000 to 2015","volume":"16","author":"Pikala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31664","article-title":"Global cancer incidence in older adults, 2012 and 2035: a population-based study","volume":"144","author":"Pilleron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz178","article-title":"et al. Cancer mortality in the elderly in 11 countries worldwide, 1970\u20132015","volume":"30","author":"Carioli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012539213643","article-title":"Changed trends of cancer mortality in the elderly","volume":"12","author":"Levi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.06.018","article-title":"Relation between mortality trends of cardiovascular diseases and selected cancers in the European Union, in 1970\u20132017. Focus on cohort and period effects","volume":"103","author":"Malvezzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2012.08.008","article-title":"Lung cancer mortality in European women: trends and predictions","volume":"78","author":"Bosetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"103","article-title":"Tobacco smoking in Poland in the years 1923\u20131987","volume":"3","author":"Zato\u0144ski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pol Popul Rev."},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer TomorrowLyon, FranceInternational Agency for Research on Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191","article-title":"Epidemiology of prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Oncol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.08.003","article-title":"EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative","volume":"71","author":"Mottet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Eur Urol."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Nowotwory z\u0142o\u015bliwe gruczo\u0142u krokowego"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.05.034","article-title":"Global trends in pancreatic cancer mortality from 1980 through 2013 and predictions for 2017","volume":"14","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.12.004","article-title":"Trends and predictions to 2020 in breast cancer mortality: Americas and Australasia","volume":"37","author":"Carioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.06.003","article-title":"Trends and predictions to 2020 in breast cancer mortality in Europe","volume":"36","author":"Carioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"17","article-title":"Epidemiologia i patogeneza raka zo\u0142adka","volume":"64","author":"Malinowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol J Pathol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2017.0040","article-title":"Zapadalno\u015b\u0107 i czynniki ryzyka infekcji Helicobacter pylori w\u015br\u00f3d krewnych pacjent\u00f3w zakazonych","volume":"13","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Med Rodz."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1471989","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of high-dose vs. standard-dose influenza vaccination for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"44% of elderly people vaccinated against influenza"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"Jaki jest poziom zaszczepienia przeciw grypie w Polsce?"},{"key":"B51","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2014"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alkohol w Polsce","volume":"11","author":"Zgliczy\u0144ski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infos"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Choroby watroby zwiazane z alkoholem. Om\u00f3wienie wytycznych European Association for the Study of the Liver 2018 oraz wytycznych American College of Gastroenterology","author":"Hartleb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Prakt"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.25879","article-title":"Alcohol-related deaths in Poland during a period of weakening alcohol control measures","volume":"325","author":"Zatonski","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.024","article-title":"Trends in premature deaths from alcoholic liver disease in the U.S.","volume":"59","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/ain.2019.85765","article-title":"Rozpowszechnienie i style picia alkoholu w\u015br\u00f3d os\u00f3b starszych na podstawie wynik\u00f3w Standaryzowanego Europejskiego Sondazu na temat Alkoholu (RARHA SEAS)","volume":"32","author":"Zin-Sesek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Drug Addict."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11684","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i33.11684","article-title":"Diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Torruellas","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30062-1","article-title":"Projected prevalence and mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease in the USA, 2019-40: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Julien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2020.1848247","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdown leads to changes in alcohol consumption patterns. Results from the Polish national survey","volume":"39","author":"Szajnoga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i49","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043514","article-title":"Self-harm injury hospitalisations: an analysis of case selection criteria","volume":"27","author":"Imm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj Prev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12518","article-title":"The dynamics of hospital use among older people evidence for Europe using share data","volume":"52","author":"Sirven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B62","unstructured":""},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00160-1","article-title":"Late-life suicide in an aging world","volume":"2","author":"De Leo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127003","article-title":"Suicide among older people in different European welfare regimes: does economic (in)security have implications for suicide prevention?","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4343","article-title":"Influences of population-level factors on suicides in older adults: a national ecological study from Australia","author":"Law","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10248","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910248","article-title":"Risk modifying factors of anxiety and depressive disorders, using the example of a population study in the Zywiec District","volume":"18","author":"Lubecka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762310","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.762310","article-title":"Impact of multimorbidity on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in older adults: is there a sex difference?","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000627","article-title":"d'Errico A, Stuckler D, Costa G; Italian Working Group on Retirement and Health. Does retirement trigger depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Odone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565442","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.565442","article-title":"Depressive symptomatology in early retirees associated with reason for retirement\u2014results from the population-based life-adult-study","volume":"11","author":"Zuelke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732284","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.732284","article-title":"Attempted suicide in the older adults: a case series from the psychiatry ward of the university hospital maggiore Della Carit\u00e0, Novara, Italy","volume":"9","author":"Gramaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.01.002","article-title":"The age pattern of social inequalities in health at older ages: are common measures of socio-economic status interchangeable?","volume":"157","author":"Acciai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"B72","unstructured":"Na co Umar\u0142 Pacjent\u2013Czyli, co Jest Wpisywane na Kartach Zgon\u00f3w?\n            CierniakM\n          2019"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12259","article-title":"Factors determining the use of social support services among elderly people living in a city environment in Poland","volume":"24","author":"Burzynska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Commun."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580221121511","article-title":"Economic implications of health care burden for elderly population","volume":"59","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inquiry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1060028\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:43:56Z","timestamp":1678085036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1060028\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1060028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1060028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"article-number":"1060028"}}