{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:18Z","timestamp":1790916858338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epigenetic marks have been proposed as early changes, at the subcellular level, in disease development. To find more specific biomarkers of effect in occupational exposures to toxicants, DNA methylation studies in peripheral blood cells have been performed. The goal of this review is to summarize and contrast findings about DNA methylation in blood cells from workers exposed to toxicants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search was performed using PubMed and Web of Science. After first screening, we discarded all studies performed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and in experimental animals, as well as those performed in other cell types other than peripheral blood cells. Results: 116 original research papers met the established criteria, published from 2007 to 2022. The most frequent investigated exposures\/labor group were for benzene (18.9%) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (15.5%), particulate matter (10.3%), lead (8.6%), pesticides (7.7%), radiation (4.3%), volatile organic compound mixtures (4.3%), welding fumes (3.4%) chromium (2.5%), toluene (2.5%), firefighters (2.5%), coal (1.7%), hairdressers (1.7%), nanoparticles (1.7%), vinyl chloride (1.7%), and others. Few longitudinal studies have been performed, as well as few of them have explored mitochondrial DNA methylation. Methylation platforms have evolved from analysis in repetitive elements (global methylation), gene-specific promoter methylation, to epigenome-wide studies. The most reported observations were global hypomethylation as well as promoter hypermethylation in exposed groups compared to controls, while methylation at DNA repair\/oncogenes genes were the most studied; studies from genome-wide studies detect differentially methylated regions, which could be either hypo or hypermethylated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some evidence from longitudinal studies suggest that modifications observed in cross-sectional designs may be transitory; then, we cannot say that DNA methylation changes are predictive of disease development due to those exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the heterogeneity in the genes studied, and scarcity of longitudinal studies, we are far away from considering DNA methylation changes as biomarkers of effect in occupational exposures, and nor can we establish a clear functional or pathological correlate for those epigenetic modifications associated with the studied exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T07:14:27Z","timestamp":1676877267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Toxicomethylomics revisited: A state-of-the-science review about DNA methylation modifications in blood cells from workers exposed to toxic agents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Octavio","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manosij","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr024","article-title":"The implications of DNA methylation for toxicology: toward toxicomethylomics, the toxicology of DNA methylation","volume":"120","author":"Szyf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2995","article-title":"Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene","volume":"67","author":"Bollati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"247","article-title":"Hypermethylation and downregulation of tumor suppressor gene p16 in benzene poisoning","volume":"41","author":"Xing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050471","article-title":"Urinary benzene biomarkers and DNA methylation in Bulgarian petrochemical workers: study findings and comparison of linear and beta regression models","author":"Seow","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103979","article-title":"Increased mitochondrial DNA copy number in occupations associated with low-dose benzene exposure","volume":"120","author":"Carugno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21786","article-title":"Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) polymorphisms are associated with aberrant promoter methylation of ERCC3 and hematotoxicity in benzene-exposed workers","volume":"54","author":"Xing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2014.02.013","article-title":"Aberrant hypomethylated STAT3 was identified as a biomarker of chronic benzene poisoning through integrating DNA methylation and mRNA expression data","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2016.1274335","article-title":"MGMT hypomethylation is associated with DNA damage in workers exposed to low-dose benzene","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomarkers."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080921","article-title":"Association between promoter methylation of gene ERCC3 and benzene hematotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001288","article-title":"MTHFR gene polymorphism is associated with DNA hypomethylation and genetic damage among benzene-exposed workers in southeast China","volume":"60","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.15171\/ijoem.2018.1317","article-title":"Aberrant DNA methylation oftwo tumor suppressor genes, p14ARF and p15INK4b, after chronic occupational exposure to low level of benzene","volume":"9","author":"Jamebozorgi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040735","article-title":"Epigenetic and Transcriptional modifications in repetitive elements in petrol station workers exposed to benzene and MTBE","volume":"15","author":"Rota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122240","article-title":"Environmental assessment and evaluation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers related to chronic occupational exposure to benzene","volume":"16","author":"Costa-Amaral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220500","article-title":"The prevalence and persistence of aberrant promoter DNA methylation in benzene-exposed Chinese workers","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3816","article-title":"An epigenome-wide DNA methylation study of workers with an occupational exposure to lead","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn121094-20200409-00174","article-title":"Study of methylation of mitochondrial MT-COI of benzene poisoning","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22382","article-title":"Promoter hypermethylation in CSF3R induces peripheral neutrophil reduction in benzene-exposure poisoning","volume":"61","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002225","article-title":"Gene-Environment interactions between environmental response genes polymorphisms and mitochondrial DNA copy numbers among benzene workers","volume":"63","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22920","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22920","article-title":"The DNMT1-associated lncRNA UCA1 was upregulated in TK6 cells transformed by long-term exposure to hydroquinone and benzene-exposed workers via DNA hypomethylation","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106871","article-title":"Epigenetic aging biomarkers and occupational exposure to benzene, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde","volume":"158","author":"van der Laan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac004","article-title":"LINC00173 interacts with DNMT1 to regulate LINC00173 expression via promoter methylation in hydroquinone-induced malignantly transformed TK6 cells and benzene-exposed workers","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2022.2115604","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association studies of occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22136","article-title":"Do mutations in DNMT3A\/3B affect global DNA hypomethylation among benzene-exposed workers in Southeast China?","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.12.23","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in lymphocytes of solvent-exposed individuals","volume":"4","author":"Godderis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenomics."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.08.019","article-title":"Promoter methylation status in genes related with inflammation, nitrosative stress and xenobiotic metabolism in low-level benzene exposure: searching for biomarkers of oncogenesis","volume":"109","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.12.002","article-title":"Aberrant promoter methylation in genes related to hematopoietic malignancy in workers exposed to a VOC mixture","volume":"339","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.05.001","article-title":"5'UTR methylation in different genes from workers exposed to volatile organic compounds: a new insight for considering an epigenetic mark as a functional correlate","volume":"330","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23099","article-title":"Integrated analysis of multi-omics data on epigenetic changes caused by combined exposure to environmental hazards","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.04.016","article-title":"CYP2E1 epigenetic regulation in chronic, low-level toluene exposure: relationship with oxidative stress and smoking habit","volume":"286","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.014","article-title":"Association analysis of toluene exposure time with high-throughput mRNA expressions and methylation patterns using in vivo samples","volume":"146","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24492","article-title":"Global and gene-specific promoter methylation changes are related to anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels and influence micronuclei levels in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposed individuals","volume":"125","author":"Pavanello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp278","article-title":"Shorter telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"31","author":"Pavanello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0784","article-title":"CpG site-specific hypermethylation of p16INK4\u03b1 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of PAH-exposed workers","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31825296bc","article-title":"Hypomethylation of dual specificity phosphatase 22 promoter correlates with duration of service in firefighters and is inducible by low-dose benzo[a]pyrene","volume":"54","author":"Ouyang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1046-0","article-title":"Global and MGMT promoter hypomethylation independently associated with genomic instability of lymphocytes in subjects exposed to high-dose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon","volume":"87","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0118","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA copy number and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"22","author":"Pavanello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.11.077","article-title":"Epigenetic markers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexican brickmakers: a pilot study","volume":"91","author":"Alegr\u00eda-Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114533576","article-title":"Methylation of CpG island of p14: p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) genes in coke oven workers","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1598-2","article-title":"Associations between DNA methylation in DNA damage response-related genes and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome index in diesel engine exhaust-exposed workers","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.001","article-title":"TRIM36 hypermethylation is involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induced cell transformation","volume":"225","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067005","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2773","article-title":"Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and accelerated DNA methylation aging","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy059","article-title":"DNA methylation of the cancer-related genes F2RL3 and AHRR is associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"39","author":"Alhamdow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108600","article-title":"Filaggrin variations are associated with PAH metabolites in urine and DNA alterations in blood","volume":"177","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0508-0","article-title":"CYP1A1 methylation mediates the effect of smoking and occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons co-exposure on oxidative DNA damage among Chinese coke-oven workers","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.114","article-title":"OGG1 methylation mediated the effects of cell cycle and oxidative DNA damage related to PAHs exposure in Chinese coke oven workers","volume":"224","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.19813\/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2020.02.013","article-title":"TH1\/TH2 type cytokine expression and DNA aberrant methylation analysis in peripheral blood of coke oven workers","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.01.001","article-title":"Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and smoking are determinants of LINE-1 and AhRR promoter methylation in coke oven workers","volume":"826","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106413","article-title":"Fluorene exposure among PAH-exposed workers is associated with epigenetic markers related to lung cancer","volume":"77","author":"Alhamdow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002486","article-title":"Effects of short-term exposure to inhalable particulate matter on telomere length, telomerase expression, and telomerase methylation in steel workers","volume":"119","author":"Dioni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101079","article-title":"Blood hypomethylation of inflammatory genes mediates the effects of metal-rich airborne pollutants on blood coagulation","volume":"70","author":"Tarantini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-47","article-title":"A panel study of occupational exposure to fine particulate matter and changes in DNA methylation over a single workday and years worked in boilermaker welders","volume":"12","author":"Kile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1279","article-title":"Heart rate variability and DNA methylation levels are altered after short-term metal fume exposure among occupational welders: a repeated-measures panel study","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21829","article-title":"Altered methylation in tandem repeat element and elemental component levels in inhalable air particles","volume":"55","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21838","article-title":"Effects of short-term exposure to inhalable particulate matter on DNA methylation of tandem repeats","volume":"55","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.042","article-title":"Effects of metal-rich particulate matter exposure on exogenous and endogenous viral sequence methylation in healthy steel-workers","volume":"159","author":"Mercorio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031666","article-title":"Genome-Wide DNA methylation in policemen working in cities differing by major sources of air pollution","volume":"23","author":"Honkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113797","article-title":"Aberrant mitochondrial DNA methylation and declined pulmonary function in a population with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition in particulate matter","volume":"214","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-25","article-title":"Ambient PM exposure and DNA methylation in tumor suppressor genes: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-18","article-title":"Effects of airborne pollutants on mitochondrial DNA methylation","volume":"10","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-28","article-title":"Evolutionary age of repetitive element subfamilies and sensitivity of DNA methylation to airborne pollutants","volume":"10","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7017423","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7017423","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides in tobacco fields: the integrated evaluation of nutritional intake and susceptibility on genomic and epigenetic instability","volume":"2018","author":"Kahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex045","article-title":"Chronic occupational exposure endured by tobacco farmers from Brazil and association with DNA damage","volume":"33","author":"Kahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22067","article-title":"High pesticide exposure events and DNA methylation among pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study","volume":"58","author":"Rusiecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex035","article-title":"DNA damage and epigenetic alteration in soybean farmers exposed to complex mixture of pesticides","volume":"33","author":"Benedetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.01.035","article-title":"Relationship between LINE-1 methylation pattern and pesticide exposure in urban sprayers","volume":"113","author":"Benitez-Trinidad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104787","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides is associated with differential DNA methylation","volume":"75","author":"van der Plaat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04658-5","article-title":"Modified CDKN2B (p15) and CDKN2A (p16) DNA methylation profiles in urban pesticide applicators","volume":"26","author":"Herrera-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9603271211063161","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271211063161","article-title":"Methylation patterns of the CDKN2B and CDKN2A genes in an indigenous population exposed to pesticides","volume":"41","author":"Paredes-C\u00e9spedes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-016-1148-0","article-title":"Changes in DNA methylation over the growing season differ between North Carolina farmworkers and non-farmworkers","volume":"89","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650903567091","article-title":"p16 promoter methylation in Pb2+ -exposed individuals","volume":"48","author":"Kovatsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.03.002","article-title":"Lead exposure suppressed ALAD transcription by increasing methylation level of the promoter CpG islands","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.782410","article-title":"Epigenetic marker (LINE-1 promoter) methylation level was associated with occupational lead exposure","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2017.1357364","article-title":"Lead (Pb) exposure induces disturbances in epigenetic status in workers exposed to this metal","volume":"80","author":"Dev\u00f3z","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22194","article-title":"Hypermethylation of CpG islands is associated with increasing chromosomal damage in Chinese lead-exposed workers","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128758","article-title":"Adaptive epigenetic response of glutathione (GSH)-related genes against lead (Pb)-induced toxicity, in individuals chronically exposed to the metal","volume":"269","author":"Dev\u00f3z","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119252","article-title":"Occupational lead exposure on genome-wide DNA methylation and DNA damage","volume":"304","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.11.031","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA hypomethylation in chrome plating workers","volume":"243","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.046","article-title":"Cr(VI)-induced methylation and down-regulation of DNA repair genes and its association with markers of genetic damage in workers and 16HBE cells","volume":"238","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.02.024","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage and global DNA hypomethylation are related to folate deficiency in chromate manufacturing workers","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21958","article-title":"Oxidative stress, telomere shortening, and DNA methylation in relation to low-to-moderate occupational exposure to welding fumes","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0234-4","article-title":"Occupational exposure to particles and mitochondrial DNA\u2014relevance for blood pressure","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3988","article-title":"Cancer-related changes and low-to-moderate exposure to welding fumes: a longitudinal study","volume":"48","author":"Dauter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-102884","article-title":"Exposure to welding fumes is associated with hypomethylation of the F2RL3 gene: a cardiovascular disease marker","volume":"72","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.03.009","article-title":"Shorter telomere length and DNA hypermethylation in peripheral blood cells of coal workers","volume":"836","author":"de Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109975","article-title":"The influence of polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing and DNA repair genes in DNA damage, telomere length and global DNA methylation evaluated in open-cast coal mining workers","volume":"189","author":"de Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.969847","article-title":"Radiation-induced changes in DNA methylation and their relationship to chromosome aberrations in nuclear power plant workers","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.008","article-title":"Hypermethylation of gene promoters in peripheral blood leukocytes in humans long term after radiation exposure","volume":"146","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.039","article-title":"Gene hypermethylation in blood leukocytes in humans long term after radiation exposure - validation set","volume":"234","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22237","article-title":"LINE-1 hypomethylation is associated with radiation-induced genomic instability in industrial radiographers","volume":"60","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17373","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017373","article-title":"The relationship among occupational irradiation, DNA methylation status, and oxidative damage in interventional physicians","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7834","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157834","article-title":"Individual DNA methylation pattern shifts in nanoparticles-exposed workers analyzed in four consecutive years","volume":"22","author":"Rossnerova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072420","article-title":"DNA methylation profiles in a group of workers occupationally exposed to nanoparticles","volume":"21","author":"Rossnerova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2019.1633866","article-title":"Human exposure to trichloroethylene is associated with increased variability of blood DNA methylation that is enriched in genes and pathways related to autoimmune disease and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214282","article-title":"DNA methylation among firefighters","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25168657211006159","DOI":"10.1177\/25168657211006159","article-title":"Differential DNA methylation by hispanic ethnicity among firefighters in the united states","volume":"14","author":"Goodrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenet Insights."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2021-108153","article-title":"Repeat measures of DNA methylation in an inception cohort of firefighters","volume":"79","author":"Goodrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21991","article-title":"Alterations of telomere length and DNA methylation in hairdressers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.328","article-title":"Genetic variants of filaggrin are associated with occupational dermal exposure and blood DNA alterations in hairdressers","volume":"653","author":"Liljedahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-013-0079-1","article-title":"Correlation of chromosome damage and promoter methylation status of the DNA repair genes MGMT and hMLH1 in Chinese vinyl chloride monomer (VCM)-exposed workers","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337221098600","article-title":"Novel deoxyribonucleic acid methylation perturbations in workers exposed to vinyl chloride","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2013.859195","article-title":"Association between GSTP1 CpG methylation and the early phase of lead exposure","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72946","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20954-z","article-title":"Association between toxic and essential metals in blood and global DNA methylation among electronic waste workers in Agbogbloshie, Ghana","volume":"29","author":"Issah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4955","article-title":"Smoking is associated with hypermethylation of the APC 1A promoter in colorectal cancer: the ColoCare Study","volume":"243","author":"Barrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3674-7","article-title":"Increase of global DNA methylation patterns in beauty salon workers exposed to low levels of formaldehyde","volume":"26","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.10.024","article-title":"DNA methylation modifies urine biomarker levels in 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate exposed workers: a pilot study","volume":"231","author":"Nylander-French","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000474","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive impairment and global DNA methylation decrease among aluminum potroom workers","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1219-4","article-title":"Effect of arsenic exposure on NRF2-KEAP1 pathway and epigenetic modification","volume":"185","author":"Janasik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-017-1195-1","article-title":"Global DNA hypomethylation has no impact on lung function or serum inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines in asbestos-exposed population","volume":"90","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2017.1406169","article-title":"Changes in DNA methylation induced by multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure in the workplace","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology."},{"key":"B110","first-page":"507","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060902","article-title":"Evaluation of DNA methylation changes and micronuclei in workers exposed to a construction environment","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.06.019","article-title":"Association of etheno-DNA adduct and DNA methylation level among workers exposed to diesel engine exhaust","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft079","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 promoter is hypermethylated in blood DNA from workers with confirmed diisocyanate asthma","volume":"133","author":"Ouyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz067","article-title":"Occupational exposure to gases\/fumes and mineral dust affect DNA methylation levels of genes regulating expression","volume":"28","author":"van der Plaat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.01.007","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene methylation and parkinsonism in manganese-exposed welders","volume":"21","author":"Searles Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000168","article-title":"Relationship between urinary nickel and methylation of p15, p16 in workers exposed to nickel","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2019.04.009","article-title":"Study on the exposure of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination and DNA methylation in male employees in an e-waste dismantling area in Tianjin","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073658\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T07:14:36Z","timestamp":1676877276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073658\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"article-number":"1073658"}}