{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:38:50Z","timestamp":1791308330093,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smartphone addiction (SA) is associated with adverse consequences, especially for freshmen. Evidence indicates that SA is associated with depression, and it is necessary to conduct a longitudinal study to explore the association further.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SA (measured by the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version) and depression (measured by the Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale) among 1,186 freshmen were surveyed at baseline and a respective 12-month follow-up for each participant. The application of a cross-lagged panel model approach (CLPM) revealed an association between SA and depression after adjusting for demographic variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CLPM results showed a significant path from baseline SA to follow-up depression (\u03b2 = 0.08,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and a significant path from baseline depression to follow-up SA (\u03b2 = 0.08,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Compared with the overall cross-lagged model, the cross-lagged coefficient of the path from baseline SA to follow-up depression increased in the female group (\u03b2 = 0.10,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015), and the cross-lagged coefficient of the path from baseline depression to follow-up SA also increased significantly (\u03b2 = 0.15,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). In contrast, the cross-lagged model in the male group showed no predictive effect between SA and depression (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study showed a significant bidirectional association between smartphone addiction and depression among freshmen, but only in the female population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1083856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:40:33Z","timestamp":1674520833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A bidirectional association between smartphone addiction and depression among college students: A cross-lagged panel 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