{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:13:04Z","timestamp":1791486784903,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is the most common bacterium that causes community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The rate of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> resistance to antibiotics is increasing, particularly in patients with severe CAP. Therefore, the level of antibiotic resistance of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> causing severe CAP in Vietnamese children requires regular monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Nasopharyngeal aspiration specimens from children were cultured, isolated, and examined for <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial strains were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-nine strains of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were isolated from 239 children with severe CAP. The majority of isolates were completely non-susceptible to penicillin (1.1% intermediate, 98.9% resistant) and highly resistant to erythromycin (96.6%) and clarithromycin (88.8%); the rate of resistance to ceftriaxone was 16.9%, with the proportion of intermediate resistance at 46.0%; 100% of strains were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. For most antibiotics, MIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> were equal to the resistance threshold according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2021; penicillin had an eight-fold increase in MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> (64 mg\/L) and ceftriaxone had a 1.5-fold increase in MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> (6 mg\/L).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates described in this study were resistant to many antibiotics. Penicillin should not be the first-line antibiotic of choice, and ceftriaxone at an enhanced dose should be used instead.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1110903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T04:35:15Z","timestamp":1686630915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Vietnamese children with severe pneumonia: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khai","family":"Tran-Quang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy","family":"Nguyen-Thi-Dieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Tran-Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van","family":"Pham-Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung","family":"Nguyen-Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bach","family":"Tran-Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sy","family":"Duong-Quy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2017.06.013","article-title":"Childhood community-acquired pneumonia: a review of etiology- and antimicrobial treatment studies","volume":"26","author":"Tramper-Stranders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-017-2486-y","article-title":"Etiology of childhood pneumonia: what we know, and what we need to know! : based on 5th Dr. Ic Verma Excellence Oration Award","volume":"85","author":"Mathew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.06.001","article-title":"Childhood pneumonia in low-and-middle-income countries: an update","volume":"32","author":"Marangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30247-X","article-title":"Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000-15","volume":"6","author":"Wahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"GBD 2016 lower respiratory infections collaborators. 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