{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:41:16Z","timestamp":1768869676627,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Agricultural interventions are often recommended to address undernutrition in subsistence farming communities. However, intensified agriculture exposure can increase soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections, which are linked with poor child growth. This study examined impacts of the VERASAN public health and agricultural intervention program on preschool child growth attainment (HAZ and WAZ) and relative growth velocity over 7\u2009months [change in height-for-age (\u2206HAD) and weight-for-age (\u2206WAD) difference].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>VERASAN was initiated in 15 subsistence farming communities in rural Panama experiencing chronic undernutrition. Activities targeted improved household food security, preschool child diets and growth by intensifying and diversifying household agriculture. Our objectives were to explore the relationship between VERASAN and preschool child growth attainment (HAZ and WAZ) and velocity (\u2206HAD and \u2206WAD) during one agricultural cycle in 238 households. We compared those new to VERASAN with those involved for 1 or 5\u2009years, and identified if agricultural practices, food security, diet diversity and treatment of pre-existing STH infection were associated with growth attainment or velocity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior participation in VERASAN did not directly influence WAZ, HAZ or \u0394HAD but VERASAN-related benefits had an indirect influence. \u0394HAD was positively associated with VERASAN-associated improvements in diet diversity and food security. HAZ and WAZ during land preparation were positively associated with diet diversity and HAZ with food security during harvest. HAZ was negatively associated with children visiting the agricultural plot, consuming leafy green vegetables and pre-existing hookworm infections. Both agricultural season and STH influenced \u0394WAD. Children in VERASAN for 1 or 5\u2009years experienced growth faltering between land preparation and growing season, but not those new to VERASAN. In contrast, between growing and harvest, \u2206WAD declined in children new to VERASAN compared to children in VERASAN for longer. \u0394WAD from land preparation to harvest was higher with pre-existing <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection whereas it was lower between growing season and harvest for pre-existing hookworm infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a context of preschool child growth faltering, malnutrition and STH infections, improved food security, agricultural production and diet diversity associated with VERASAN were associated with improved growth. In contrast, STH infections were negatively associated with some, but not all, growth outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1122528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T09:29:25Z","timestamp":1695893365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preschool child growth attainment and velocity during an agriculture intervention in rural Panama may be diminished by soil-transmitted helminths"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rachel J.","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn E.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odalis T.","family":"Sinisterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine G.","family":"Koski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"479","article-title":"Agricultural intensification and poverty reduction in Latin America's risk-prone areas: opportunities and challenges","volume":"31","author":"Pichon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dev Area"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159s","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-52732008000700014","article-title":"Interventions to reduce household food insecurity: a synthesis of current concepts and approaches for Latin America","volume":"21","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev 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