{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:01:32Z","timestamp":1790197292643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Family meals are associated with adolescent health outcomes. Studies have reported that girls are less likely than boys to have dinner with their families.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined gender differences in family meal frequency and the relationship between meal frequency and other health measures, using a large and representative sample of California middle and high school students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed data from the 2019\u20132020 California Student Tobacco Survey (159,904 students in grades 8, 10, and 12). Dinner with the family 5\u20137 times per week was defined as high frequency. Students reported substance use (of tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol) and rated their mental health and happiness in their home life. All analyses were weighted to reflect the California student population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fewer than half (44.7%) of students reported a high frequency of family meals, with boys more likely than girls and those who identified their gender in another way the least likely to do so (48.3%, 42.2%, 34.0%, respectively). Gender differences persisted across demographics and the quality of family relationships, and were evident as early as eighth grade. Less frequent family meals were associated with poorer mental health (OR\u2009=\u20091.34, 95% CI: 1.29\u20131.40) and substance use (OR\u2009=\u20091.27, 95% CI: 1.21\u20131.32), controlling for the effects of demographics and family dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender differences in family meal frequency emerge early in adolescence and persist across demographics and family relationships. Given that family meals play a protective role in an adolescent\u2019s life, these gender differences are concerning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1123396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T01:32:31Z","timestamp":1681435951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gender differences in family meal frequency and their association with substance use and mental health among middle and high school students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.019","article-title":"Family meals and substance use: is there a long-term protective association?","volume":"43","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.03.035","article-title":"Making time for family meals: parental influences, home eating environments, barriers and protective factors","volume":"193","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.05.006","article-title":"Family meals among parents: associations with nutritional, social and emotional wellbeing","volume":"113","author":"Utter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9963-z","article-title":"Are family meals as good for youth as we think they are? A review of the literature on family meals as they pertain to adolescent risk prevention","volume":"42","author":"Skeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1539449219876878","article-title":"The family meal model: influences on family mealtime participation","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"OTJR"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243793","article-title":"The role of family meal frequency in common mental disorders in children and adolescents over eight months of follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Agath\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2016.09.002","article-title":"Family meals and adolescent emotional well-being: findings from a national study","volume":"49","author":"Utter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"e96","article-title":"Systematic review of the effects of family meal frequency on psychosocial outcomes in youth","volume":"61","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.12.026","article-title":"Family dinner meal frequency and adolescent development: relationships with developmental assets and high-risk behaviors","volume":"39","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.06.004","article-title":"Changes in the frequency of family meals from 1999 to 2010 in the homes of adolescents: trends by sociodemographic characteristics","volume":"52","author":"Neumark-Sztainer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.05.014","article-title":"Gender expression and sexual orientation differences in diet quality and eating habits from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"119","author":"VanKim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2019.1700485","article-title":"Association between family dinner frequency and mental health in children and adolescents; the CASPIAN-V study","volume":"71","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.02.011","article-title":"Are there nutritional and other benefits associated with family meals among at-risk youth?","volume":"45","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.2.206","article-title":"Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls","volume":"29","author":"Conger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.01.004","article-title":"Are family meal patterns associated with disordered eating behaviors among adolescents?","volume":"35","author":"Neumark-Sztainer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22339","article-title":"Family meals and disordered eating in adolescents: are the benefits the same for everyone?","volume":"48","author":"Loth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"208","article-title":"Effects of social determinants on food choice and skipping meals among Turkish adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Soyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Technical report on analytic methods and approaches used in the California student tobacco survey 2019\u20132020","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S40461","article-title":"Family structure and risk behaviors: the role of the family meal in assessing likelihood of adolescent risk behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12428","article-title":"Family meals and the well-being of adolescents","volume":"49","author":"Utter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.05.047","article-title":"Class and eating: family meals in Britain","volume":"116","author":"Jarosz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.34763\/jmotherandchild.20212503SI.d-21-00015","article-title":"Associations between the self-reported happy home lives and health of Canadian school-aged children: an exploratory analysis with stratification by level of relative family wealth","volume":"25","author":"Pianarosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mother Child"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"52","author":"Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-398","article-title":"Single item measures of self-rated mental health: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E543","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1998.275.3.E543","article-title":"Gender differences in leptin levels during puberty are related to the subcutaneous fat depot and sex steroids","volume":"275","author":"Roemmich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2012.05.009","article-title":"Puberty in girls of the 21st century","volume":"25","author":"Biro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2019.12.012","article-title":"Family meal frequency, diet, and family functioning: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"52","author":"Robson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239274","article-title":"Family meal frequency and its association with food consumption and nutritional status in adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"do Amaral E Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101582","article-title":"Mealtime emotional climate and child health: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104725","article-title":"What can families gain from the family meal? A mixed-papers systematic review","volume":"153","author":"Middleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e611","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0863","article-title":"A primary care\u2013based, multicomponent lifestyle intervention for overweight adolescent females","volume":"129","author":"DeBar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1123396\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T01:32:34Z","timestamp":1681435954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1123396\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1123396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1123396","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"article-number":"1123396"}}