{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:05:30Z","timestamp":1784945130199,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007509","name":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Neumolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Tor\u00e1cica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6.000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6.000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution has a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of various respiratory diseases. However, this has not been widely studied in diffuse interstitial lung diseases, specifically in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study we aimed to assess the relationship between four major air pollutants individually [carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and nitrogen oxides (NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>)] and the development of chronic respiratory failure, hospitalization due to respiratory causes and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an exploratory retrospective panel study from 2011 to 2020 in 69 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from the pulmonary medicine department of a tertiary hospital. Based on their geocoded residential address, levels of each pollutant were estimated 1, 3, 6, 12, and 36 months prior to each event (chronic respiratory failure, hospital admission and mortality). Data was collected from the air quality monitoring stations of the Community of Madrid located &amp;lt;3.5 km (2.2 miles) from each patient's home.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increase in average values of CO [OR 1.62 (1.11\u20132.36) and OR 1.84 (1.1\u20133.06)], NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> [OR 1.64 (1.01\u20132.66)], and NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> [OR 1.11 (1\u20131.23) and OR 1.19 (1.03\u20131.38)] were significantly associated with the probability of developing chronic respiratory failure in different periods. In addition, the averages of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> were significantly associated with the probability of hospital admissions due to respiratory causes and mortality in these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution is associated with an increase in the probability of developing chronic respiratory failure, hospitalization due to respiratory causes and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1135162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T05:44:18Z","timestamp":1678427058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Relationship between air pollution exposure and the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Madrid: Chronic respiratory failure, hospitalizations, and mortality. A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Mariscal-Aguilar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"G\u00f3mez-Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Zamarr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Velilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Regojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"D\u00edaz-Almir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Gay\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Villama\u00f1\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Prados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1255ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 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