{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1792184563214,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-based smoking cessation intervention may help personalize intervention for smokers who prefer to quit smoking unaided. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of EMA-based phone counseling and instant messaging for smoking cessation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a two-arm, accessor-blinded, simple individual randomized controlled trial (allocation ratio 1:1). Participants will be recruited from community sites and online platforms in Hong Kong. Interventions will be delivered via a phone call and instant messaging. Current adult smokers who (1) self-report no intention to use smoking cessation services and medication in the coming month and (2) have not used smoking cessation services or nicotine replacement therapy in the past 7 days will be recruited. Recruited participants will be randomized to intervention or control groups via an online randomizer. All participants will be required to complete EMAs (five times per day for 7 consecutive days). The intervention group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 220) will receive a nurse-led brief phone counseling immediately after the 1-week EMAs and 10-week EMA-based advice via instant messaging applications (e.g., WhatsApp, WeChat). The 10-week EMA-based advice covers a summary of the 1-week EMAs, and tailored cessation support focused on personalized smoking triggers. The control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 220) will not receive any intervention during the same period. The primary outcomes are participants' progression toward smoking cessation assessed by the Incremental Behavior Change toward Smoking Cessation (IBC-S) and biochemically validated abstinence at the 3-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes include self-reported and biochemically validated tobacco abstinence at the 6-month follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings will provide evidence that the EMA-based tailored smoking cessation intervention can be adapted as a new health promotion strategy for current smokers who are unwilling to use smoking cessation aids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05212220<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: NCT05212220.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1147096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T20:56:17Z","timestamp":1690836977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness of personalized smoking cessation intervention based on ecological momentary assessment for smokers who prefer unaided quitting: protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Min Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Jia Aaron","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu Tsun","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia Siu Chee","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Tak Derek","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1211128","volume":"368","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Eng J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"397","author":"Reitsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","year":"2019","journal-title":"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019: Offer Help To Quit Tobacco Use"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013229.pub2","article-title":"Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Hartmann-Boyce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Sys Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003440.pub4","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Sys Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051019","article-title":"What do we know about unassisted smoking cessation in Australia? 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