{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:03:19Z","timestamp":1779350599042,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n82073462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n82073462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a growing body of evidence that acne impacts mental disorders, the actual causality has not been established for the possible presence of recall bias and confounders in observational studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the effect of acne on the risk of six common mental disorders, i.e., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We acquired genetic instruments for assessing acne from the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of acne (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009615,396) and collected summary statistics from the largest available GWAS for depression (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009500,199), anxiety (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917,310), schizophrenia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009130,644), OCD (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099,725), bipolar disorder (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009413,466), and PTSD (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009174,659). Next, we performed the two-sample MR analysis using four methods: inverse-variance weighted method, MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outliers. Sensitivity analysis was also performed for heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no evidence of a causal impact of acne on the risk of depression [odds ratio (OR): 1.002, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.874], anxiety (OR: 0.961, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.49), OCD (OR: 0.979, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.741), bipolar disorder (OR: 0.972, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.261), and PTSD (OR: 1.054, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.069). Moreover, a mild protective effect of acne against schizophrenia was observed (OR: 0.944; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increased prevalence of mental disorders observed in patients with acne in clinical practice was caused by modifiable factors, and was not a direct outcome of acne. Therefore, strategies targeting the elimination of potential factors and minimization of the occurrence of adverse mental events in acne should be implemented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1156522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T05:07:50Z","timestamp":1680239270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Acne and risk of mental disorders: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study based on large genome-wide association data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangmei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingqiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.446","article-title":"The 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