{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T06:05:51Z","timestamp":1783749951049,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The war in Syria, which started over 11\u2009years ago, has devastated the country\u2019s water sources, healthcare system, and other vital facilities for healthy living. The country is vulnerable to outbreaks, especially epidemic-prone ones like cholera, due to its fragile health system. Syria experienced its last hit of cholera in 2009, which led to the deaths of several Syrian children and affected about 1,000 people. The current cholera resurgence in Syria calls for public concern. Considering the poor access to clean water, the forced relocation of people, and other destruction caused by the war, these factors have exposed Syrian children to infectious diseases like cholera. We argued for more efforts toward the implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in the country. We also pointed out the need for proper education and sensitization campaigns using all available resources to educate the populace, mass chlorination of wells, mapping vulnerable areas, and implementing WASH while encouraging vaccination coverage for cholera as a strategy to reduce its incidence. Improving the national surveillance systems will aid in the timely and appropriate reporting of any outbreak. Again, more negotiations should be done to seek a lasting solution to ending the war and restoring peace and serenity in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T10:14:51Z","timestamp":1687256091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cholera outbreak in Syria amid humanitarian crisis: the epidemic threat, future health implications, and response strategy \u2013 a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stanley Chinedu","family":"Eneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofya","family":"Admad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubakar","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca Ogochukwu","family":"Onukansi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alese","family":"Oluwatobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Chinaecherem","family":"Innocent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope Olumuyiwa","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.078","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholera","volume":"38","author":"Deen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdss.2021116","article-title":"A stochastic population model of cholera disease","volume":"15","author":"Witbooi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discret Contin Dyn Sys \u2013 Series S"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1149\/ma2022-01532190mtgabs","article-title":"Development of a low-cost lateral flow assay for rapid detection of Vibrio Cholerae","volume":"54","author":"Mayry","year":"2022","journal-title":"ECS"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Baker","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01836-0","volume-title":"War driving cholera in Syria","author":"Devi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000029","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000029","article-title":"Cholera in the time of war: implications of weak surveillance in Syria for the WHO's preparedness-a comparison of two monitoring systems. BMJ glob","volume":"18","author":"Sparrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2018.132","article-title":"Perspectives on rebuilding health system governance in opposition-controlled Syria: a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Douedari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref12","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-020-00287-9","article-title":"Challenges of providing healthcare worker education and training in protracted conflict: a focus on non-government controlled areas in north West Syria","volume":"14","author":"Bdaiwi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Confl Heal"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00762-9","article-title":"Public health consequences after ten years of the Syrian crisis: a literature review","volume":"17","author":"Alhaffar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043305","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043305","article-title":"Crisis within a crisis, COVID-19 knowledge and awareness among the Syrian population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Mohsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref22","author":"Balanche","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56729","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019856729","article-title":"The geopolitical factor in the Syrian civil war: a corpus-based thematic analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672699","DOI":"10.1080\/00396338.2012.672699","article-title":"Syria and its neighbours","author":"Emile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e066945","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066945","article-title":"Effectiveness of two doses of Euvichol-plus oral cholera vaccine in response to the 2017\/2018 outbreak: a matched case-control study in Lusaka","volume":"12","author":"Sialubanje","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zambia. BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008625","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008625.pub2","article-title":"Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera","author":"Leibovici-Weissman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(64)92099-9","article-title":"Tetracycline in the treatment of cholera","volume":"1","author":"Greenough","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Cholera","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161936\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T10:14:54Z","timestamp":1687256094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161936\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1161936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"article-number":"1161936"}}