{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:49:40Z","timestamp":1793051380473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Internet use (IU) commonly refers to sedentary lifestyle and may be addictive, especially among children. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between IU and some aspects of child physical and psychosocial development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey by using a screen-time based sedentary behavior questionnaire and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)\u2014among 836 primary school children in the Brani\u010devo District. The children\u2019s medical records were analysed for vision problems and spinal deformities. Their body weight (BW) and height (BH) were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as BW in kilograms divided by BH in meters squared (kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average age of respondents was 13.4 (SD 1.2) years. The mean duration of daily Internet use and sedentary behavior was 236 (SD 156) and 422 (SD 184) minutes, respectively. There was no significant correlation between daily IU and vision problems (near sightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, strabismus), and spinal deformities. However, daily Internet use is significantly associated with obesity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and sedentary behavior (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). There was significant correlation between emotional symptoms with total Internet usage time, and total sedentary score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 for both, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.141 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.132, respectively). There was a positive correlation between the total sedentary score of children and hyperactivity\/inattention (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.167, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), emotional symptoms (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.132, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and conduct problems (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.084, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, children\u2019s Internet use was associated with obesity, psychological disturbances and social maladjustment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1163458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T05:02:20Z","timestamp":1686200540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Children\u2019s Internet use and physical and psychosocial development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Novakovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Milenkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijana","family":"Sre\u0107kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Backovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ignjatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Capo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Stojanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Vukomanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Sekuli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagoda","family":"Gavrilovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Vuleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Ignjatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9793425","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9793425","article-title":"A survey on daily activity inclination and health complaints among urban youth in Malaysia","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.12.011","article-title":"Refractive error and vision problems in children: association with increased sedentary behavior and reduced exercise in 9-year-old children in Ireland","volume":"23","author":"Quigley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02417-x","article-title":"The detrimental impacts of smart technology device overuse among school students in Kuwait: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"Buabbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.423.5","article-title":"Committee on public education. American Academy of Pediatrics: children, adolescents, and television","volume":"107","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw028","article-title":"Association between problematic internet use, socio-demographic variables and obesity among European adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Tsitsika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.095","article-title":"Associations of body weight perception and weight control behaviors with problematic internet use among Korean adolescents","volume":"251","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12216","article-title":"Internet use patterns and internet addiction in children and adolescents with obesity","volume":"13","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2018.09.019","article-title":"Internet-based self-monitoring interventions for overweight and obese adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2020.1827561","article-title":"Prevalence of mobile device-related musculoskeletal pain among working university students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"28","author":"Legan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107590","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4107590","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome and associated factors among computer users in Debre Tabor town","volume":"2018","author":"Dessie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Northwest Ethiopia J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250003","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957722500038","article-title":"Association between cell phone usage and musculoskeletal disorders in school going children","volume":"25","author":"Mandhwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000146","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000146","article-title":"Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration","volume":"3","author":"Sheppard","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20170510-01","article-title":"Video game vision syndrome: a new clinical picture in children?","volume":"54","author":"Rechichi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2012.e16","article-title":"Internet use and television viewing in children and its association with vision loss: a major public health problem","volume":"3","author":"Bener","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Public Health Afr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4997","article-title":"Visual activity before and after the onset of juvenile myopia","volume":"52","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14377-1","article-title":"The relationship between myopia and near work, time outdoors and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Philipp","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13181","article-title":"Impact of information and communication technology on child health","volume":"52","author":"Woo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.33.2.265831","article-title":"Is there a relationship between problematic internet use and responses of social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and psychological well-being among adolescents?","volume":"33","author":"Bernal-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-595","article-title":"Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Kormas","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9963","article-title":"Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic internet use","volume":"10","author":"Caplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","article-title":"Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: literature review and case study","volume":"164","author":"Lissak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0432-4.23","article-title":"The associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Hoare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr040","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a screen time-based sedentary behaviour questionnaire for adolescents: the HELENA study","volume":"22","author":"Rey L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181985068","article-title":"Strengths and difficulties questionnaire as a dimensional measure of child mental health","volume":"48","author":"Goodman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Growth reference 5-19 years. WHO Anthro plus software (version 3.1.0)","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0313","article-title":"Predictive factors and psychosocial effects of internet addictive behaviors in Cypriot adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Critselis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163381","article-title":"Relationship between healthy lifestyle and sociodemographic factors in adolescents in Catalonia: application of VISA-TEEN questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Costa-Tutusaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00782.x","article-title":"Sedentary behaviours among Australian adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Hardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4221-z","article-title":"School grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary behaviors among Japanese elementary school children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Ishii","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20595","article-title":"Obesity status of middle school students in Xiangtan and its relationship with internet addiction","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1471","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents","volume":"6","author":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12230","article-title":"Physical activity and family based obesity treatment: a review of expert recommendations on physical activity in youth","volume":"8","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Situaciona analiza dece i adilescenata u Srbiji","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89602","article-title":"Obesity in school children in India [internet]","volume-title":"Public health in developing countries - challenges and opportunities","author":"Krishnaswamy Sashindran","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041101","article-title":"Association of Sedentary Behavior with brain structure and intelligence in children with overweight or obesity: the active brains project","volume":"9","author":"Zavala-Crichton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Guide to the clinical aspects of computer vision syndrome","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200009000-00007","article-title":"Temporal variations in myopia progression in Singaporean children within an academic year","volume":"77","author":"Tan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804","article-title":"Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13403","article-title":"Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.06.031","article-title":"Adiposity and TV viewing are related to less bone accrual in young children","volume":"154","author":"Wosje","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12819","article-title":"Concurrent and subsequent associations between daily digital technology use and high-risk adolescents\u2019 mental health symptoms","volume":"89","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579347","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.579347","article-title":"A review of the relationship between social media use and online prosocial behavior among adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Lysenst\u00f8en","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-019-09630-7","article-title":"Media use is linked to lower psychological well-being: evidence from three datasets","volume":"90","author":"Twenge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01099-5","article-title":"Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez-Ayllon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1163458\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T05:02:24Z","timestamp":1686200544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1163458\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1163458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1163458","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"article-number":"1163458"}}