{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:43:55Z","timestamp":1789670635828,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81800041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82000078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82000078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82102796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, tuberculous pleurisy (TP) remains a serious problem affecting global public health, including in China. Our purpose was to comprehensively understand and identify the incidence of TP in mainland China between 2005 and 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data on registered TP cases from 2005 to 2018 were acquired from the National Tuberculosis Information Management System. We analyzed the demographics, epidemiology, and time-space distribution of TP patients. Then, the effects of potentially influential factors on TP incidences, such as medical expenses per capita, GDP per capita, and population density, were assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of TP increased in mainland China from 2005 to 2018, with a mean incidence of 2.5 per 100,000 population. Interestingly, spring was the peak season for TP, with more notified cases. Tibet, Beijing, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia had the highest mean annual incidence. A moderate positive relationship was found between TP incidence, medical expenses per capita, and GDP per capita.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The notified incidence of TP had an elevated trend from 2005 to 2018 in mainland China. The findings of this study provide insight into the knowledge of TP epidemiology in the country, which can help optimize resource allocation to reduce the TP burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1180818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T15:58:54Z","timestamp":1686844734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The incidence of tuberculous pleurisy in mainland China from 2005 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shuhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"GenevaWorld Health OrganizationGlobal Tuberculosis Report 20222022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1018","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ukraine: analysis of national surveillance data","volume":"75","author":"Khalife","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20431","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.12.20431-en","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the European Union and European Economic Area, 2002 to 2011","volume":"18","author":"Sandgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20432","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.12.20432-en","article-title":"Challenges in diagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the European Union, 2011","volume":"18","author":"Solovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232134","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan- A nation-wide multicenter retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Tahseen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.019","article-title":"Epidemiology of concurrent extrapulmonary tuberculosis in inpatients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions in China: a large-scale observational multi-centre investigation","volume":"115","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10040942","article-title":"Pleural tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Ferrer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689909200301","article-title":"Tuberculosis and the poverty-disease cycle","volume":"92","author":"Grange","year":"1999","journal-title":"J R Soc Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70141-9","article-title":"Diagnostic approaches for paediatric tuberculosis by use of different specimen types, culture methods, and PCR: a prospective case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Oberhelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.051961","article-title":"Surgery for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: report of 121 cases receiving community-based treatment in Lima, Peru","volume":"62","author":"Somocurcio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.4.380","article-title":"Effectiveness of a strategy to improve adherence to tuberculosis treatment in a resource-poor setting: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"297","author":"Thiam","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2020.100419","article-title":"High-resolution estimates of tuberculosis incidence among non-U.S.-born persons residing in the United States, 2000-2016","volume":"33","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemics."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900238","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.44.1900238","article-title":"Tuberculosis incidence among migrants according to migrant status: a cohort study, Denmark, 1993 to 2015","volume":"24","author":"Langholz Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.058453","article-title":"Trends in tuberculosis incidence and their determinants in 134 countries","volume":"87","author":"Dye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Definitions and Reporting Framework for Tuberculosis \u2013 2013 Revision. Geneva: World Health Organization2013"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.08.007","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid T-SPOT and interferon-gamma for tuberculous pleurisy: a two-center prospective cohort study in China","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.030","article-title":"Season of birth and schizophrenia: evidence from China","volume":"253","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002001","article-title":"Electronic recording and reporting system for tuberculosis in China: experience and opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12197","article-title":"Cancer incidence, mortality, and burden in China: a time-trend analysis and comparison with the United States and United Kingdom based on the global epidemiological data released in 2020","volume":"41","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2015.06.002","article-title":"Mapping the epidemiology and trends of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia","volume":"4","author":"Varghese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000199","article-title":"Sexual inequality in tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Neyrolles","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.02.011","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Sichuan Province, China, 2000-2006","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2012.10.012","article-title":"The role of sex differences in the prevalence and transmission of tuberculosis","volume":"93","author":"Rhines","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.02.023","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors that contribute to the development of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were identified","volume":"58","author":"Cailhol","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04872-6","article-title":"Comparison of laboratory testing methods for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy in China","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0092-2","article-title":"Comparative analysis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis of 411 cases","volume":"14","author":"Sunnetcioglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-8","article-title":"Comparison of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Nepal- a hospital-based retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Sreeramareddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.393","article-title":"Tuberculous pleurisy is more common in AIDS than in non-AIDS patients with tuberculosis","volume":"112","author":"Frye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2009.24.2.237","article-title":"Prevalence and its predictors of extrapulmonary involvement in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30703-X","article-title":"The global burden of tuberculosis: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"18","author":"Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5302","article-title":"Changes in incidence and epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in mainland China, 2005-2016","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA network open."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9243-0","article-title":"Characteristics of distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in China","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e385","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30127-0","article-title":"Travel-related infections in mainland China, 2014\u201316: an active surveillance study","volume":"3","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.180572","article-title":"Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among inpatients, China, 2008-2017","volume":"25","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"27","article-title":"Description of demographic and clinical characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Shandong, China","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz388","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz388","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Denmark from 2009 to 2014; characteristics and predictors for treatment outcome","volume":"6","author":"Holden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4060-x","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among children in Shandong, China, 2005-2017","volume":"19","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000365511","article-title":"Evaluation of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent adults: a retrospective case series analysis","volume":"24","author":"Guler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1165-9","article-title":"Back to the future, again: greater leadership, collaboration and accountability to accelerate progress to end TB","volume":"16","author":"Weil","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62639-2","article-title":"Tuberculosis prevalence in China, 1990\u20132010; a longitudinal analysis of national survey data","volume":"383","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317635","article-title":"The epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in children in Mainland China, 2009-2015","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30227-X","article-title":"Epidemiological features of and changes in incidence of infectious diseases in China in the first decade after the SARS outbreak: an observational trend study","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7993-5","article-title":"The characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution and cluster of tuberculosis in Yunnan Province, China, 2005-2018","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108369","article-title":"Seasonal variation of newly notified pulmonary tuberculosis cases from 2004 to 2013 in Wuhan, China","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057752","article-title":"Tuberculosis incidence correlates with sunshine: an ecological 28-year time series study","volume":"8","author":"Koh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112213","article-title":"Insight to the epidemiology and risk factors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Tianjin, China during 2006-2011","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0490-8","article-title":"Spatial and temporal clustering analysis of tuberculosis in the mainland of China at the prefecture level, 2005-2015","volume":"7","author":"Liu MY Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144010","article-title":"Socio-demographic predictors and distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Xinjiang, China: a spatial analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wubuli","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09627-z","article-title":"Association between economic development level and tuberculosis registered incidence in Shandong, China","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11833-2","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in tuberculosis incidence and risk factors for the disease in a region of unbalanced socio-economic development","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201363","article-title":"Revisiting tuberculous pleurisy: pleural fluid characteristics and diagnostic yield of mycobacterial culture in an endemic area","volume":"67","author":"Ruan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237753","article-title":"The epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in China: a large-scale multi-center observational study","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001876","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001876.pub2","article-title":"Corticosteroids for tuberculous pleurisy","volume":"4","author":"Engel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochr Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00221814","article-title":"Tobacco and tuberculosis: could we improve tuberculosis outcomes by helping patients to stop smoking?","volume":"45","author":"Zellweger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g4643","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216819","article-title":"Effect modification of greenness on PM25 associated all-cause mortality in a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cohort","volume":"349","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209650","article-title":"Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective study of patients in Accra, Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Ohene","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g4643","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4643","article-title":"Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 654 infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"349","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1180818\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T15:58:57Z","timestamp":1686844737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1180818\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1180818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1180818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"article-number":"1180818"}}