{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:35:52Z","timestamp":1787405752645,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in China, the demographics of treatment-na\u00efve people living with HIV (PLWH) are moving closer to those of the general population, which is characterized by a gradual increase in metabolic indicators. However, the epidemic trends of overweight and obesity over the past decade in treatment-na\u00efve PLWH ready to initiate ART have not yet been investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 12,135 consecutive treatment-na\u00efve PLWH ready to initiate ART in Shenzhen, using data retrieved from the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program database from 2014 to 2020. The chi-square test was used to examine the trends of overweight and obesity between age groups, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the association of overweight and obesity with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 7-year study period, 12,135 treatment-na\u00efve PLWH ready to initiate ART were included, among whom 1,837 (15.1%) were overweight and 388 (3.2%) were obese. The prevalence of overweight rose from 11.4 to 17.3% (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> = \u22124.58, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &amp;lt;0.01) and that of obesity from 2.0% to 4.2% (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> = \u22126.45, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &amp;lt;0.01) from 2014 to 2020. The annual prevalence of overweight was the highest in the age group of participants &amp;gt;35 years compared to prevalence in other age groups during the period 2014\u20132020. Compared with those who were not overweight or obese, PLWH who were overweight or obese were more likely to have hyperglycemia (aOR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.37\u20132.49 for overweight; aOR 2.68, 95% CI: 1.62\u20134.44 for obesity), higher ALT level (aOR 2.70, 95% CI: 2.33\u20133.13 for overweight; aOR 3.85, 95% CI: 2.93\u20135.05 for obesity), higher TG levels (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.63\u20132.19 for overweight; aOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.97\u20133.32 for obesity), and lower HDL levels (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.44\u20131.95 for overweight; aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.54\u20132.77 for obesity).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity in treatment-naive PLWH increased steadily from 2014 to 2020 in Shenzhen. Overweight and obese in treatment-naive PLWH ready to initiate ART were associated with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Public health authorities should take proactive steps to address these issues by implementing targeted screening, intervention programs including lifestyle modifications, and integrated healthcare services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1186838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T07:18:12Z","timestamp":1696922292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increasing trends of overweight and obesity in treatment-naive people living with HIV in Shenzhen from 2014 to 2020: an emerging health concern"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tianze","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liumei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhou","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304710.10036.2b","article-title":"The Chinese free antiretroviral treatment program: challenges and responses","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-017-4002-y","article-title":"Drug resistance mutation profiles of the drug-na\u00efve and first-line regimen-treated HIV-1-infected population of Suzhou, China","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111400","article-title":"Risk of deaths, AIDS-defining and non-AIDS defining events among Ghanaians on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"9","author":"Sarfo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00976-10","article-title":"Combinatorial approaches to the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection","volume":"55","author":"Pirrone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183934","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695","article-title":"Characteristics, prevention, and management of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: a scientific statement from the american heart association","volume":"140","author":"Feinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010106","article-title":"Increasing rates of obesity among HIV-infected persons during the HIV epidemic","volume":"5","author":"Crum-Cianflone","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2348","article-title":"HIV infection and obesity: where did all the wasting go?","volume":"17","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1086\/649215","article-title":"Predictors of virologic failure in HIV-1-infected adults receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy in 8 provinces in China","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000233577.33973.fa","article-title":"Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in former plasma\/blood donors: challenge for patient care in rural China","volume":"20","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"83","article-title":"Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults\u2013study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000766","article-title":"Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"136","author":"Yancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-7185.2012.18.003","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Pract J Rural Doctor"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Beijing: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NP00060G","article-title":"Targeting eukaryotic proteases for natural products-based drug development","volume":"37","author":"Al-Awadhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1081","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001081","article-title":"Obesity among HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the united states: data from the cross-sectional medical monitoring project and national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"94","author":"Thompson-Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.18000008","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with HIV infection","volume":"20","author":"Papagianni","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaai7616","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai7616","article-title":"Type I interferon responses drive intrahepatic T cells to promote metabolic syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Ghazarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00157","article-title":"Obesity: an immunometabolic perspective","volume":"7","author":"Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2626-z","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia among persons living with HIV: a review","volume":"17","author":"Maggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32823644ff","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and relationship to serum lipid levels in HIV-infected patients with metabolic abnormalities in the HAART era","volume":"21","author":"Joy","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507133330202","article-title":"Energy expenditure and wasting in human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"333","author":"Macallan","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.2.437","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure is increased in stable, malnourished HIV-infected patients","volume":"53","author":"Melchior","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.2.455","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure, caloric intake, and short-term weight change in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Grunfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1186838\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T07:18:16Z","timestamp":1696922296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1186838\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1186838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1186838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"article-number":"1186838"}}