{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:49:32Z","timestamp":1783950572262,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), health care workers wore personal protective equipment including masks, gloves and goggles for a long time. In order to reduce the transmission routes of the virus, public places were sprayed with disinfectant. Moreover, the body, hands and clothing were frequently disinfected and washed for hygiene purposes. Studies have shown that these practices could easily irritate the skin and damage the skin barrier. Long-term irritation or exposure to allergens may lead to the occurrence of contact dermatitis (CD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subject headings were searched via the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and web of science databases: COVID-19; contact dermatitis; adverse skin reaction; PPE; dermatitis; mask; glory; hand hygiene, disinfection; face shield; goggle; protect cloth. A total of 246 and 646 articles were retrieved from the two databases, respectively. 402 articles remained after removing duplicates. Reviews, non-English articles, articles that could not be accessed to read or did not conform to our topic were excluded. Finally, a total of 32 cross-sectional studies, 9 case reports and 2 randomized controlled trials were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article reviews reports of CD caused by various prevention and hygiene measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of skin damage caused by COVID-19 prevention measures could be decreased by improved education about skin management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1189190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T08:12:22Z","timestamp":1689927142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contact dermatitis caused by prevention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huimiao","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v91i1.9397","article-title":"Who declares Covid-19 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Director-General\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19\u201330 March 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15593","article-title":"Recent developments in the immunopathology of Covid-19","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2020.V22.N4.3","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 transmission channels: a review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Abd","year":"2020","journal-title":"MEDICC Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138234","article-title":"Origin, transmission, diagnosis and Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19)","volume":"96","author":"Umakanthan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122771","article-title":"The effect of preventive measures and vaccination against Sars-Cov-2 on the infection risk, treatment, and hospitalization: a cross-sectional study of Algeria","volume":"14","author":"Hamimes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12295","article-title":"Hand hygiene products and adverse skin reactions: a cross-sectional comparison between healthcare and non-healthcare Workers of Bangladesh during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2022.31.Sup12.S22","article-title":"Skin lesions resulting from use of personal protective equipment in the context of Covid-19: a cross-sectional study","volume":"31","author":"Da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-4-2-59","article-title":"Occupational contact dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Sasseville","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2021.08.004","article-title":"Personal protective equipment-related occupational dermatoses during Covid-19 among health care workers: a worldwide systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Keng","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17436","article-title":"Skin adverse events related to personal protective equipment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Montero-Vilchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2021.1902340","article-title":"Skin problems related to personal protective equipment among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic (online research)","volume":"40","author":"Etgu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)13168-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars)","volume":"361","author":"Seto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9131","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179131","article-title":"The association between wearing a mask and Covid-19","volume":"18","author":"Sugimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31151","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31151","article-title":"Mask-induced facial dermatoses in the Saudi Arabian population during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Alamawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14346","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14346","article-title":"Evaluation of skin problems and dermatology life quality index in health care workers who use personal protection measures during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"33","author":"Daye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134624","article-title":"Facial skin temperature and discomfort when wearing protective face masks: thermal infrared imaging evaluation and hands moving the mask","volume":"17","author":"Scarano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02338.x","article-title":"N95 Acne","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13310","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13310","article-title":"Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.03.002","article-title":"Mask-induced facial dermatoses during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary medical Center in the Philippines","volume":"7","author":"Resuello","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14022","article-title":"Adverse skin reactions among health care workers using face personal protective equipment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of six hospitals in Denmark","volume":"86","author":"Skiveren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9394","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2022.9394","article-title":"Face mask use in the community and cutaneous reactions to them during the Covid-19 pandemic: results of a National Survey in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72798-7","article-title":"Efficacy of masks and face coverings in controlling outward aerosol particle emission from expiratory activities","volume":"10","author":"Asadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2","article-title":"Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000517219","article-title":"Skin barrier damage due to prolonged mask use among healthcare workers and the general population during the Covid-19 pandemic: a prospective cross-sectional survey in China","volume":"238","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100835","article-title":"A comprehensive review of various categories of face masks resistant to Covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_373_20","article-title":"Investigating the prevalence of contact dermatitis and its related factors among hospital staff during the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Abdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2310\/6620.2007.05003","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde textile resins in surgical uniforms and nonwoven textile masks","volume":"18","author":"Donovan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000699","article-title":"Facial personal protective equipment: materials, resterilization methods, and management of occupation-related dermatoses","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e563","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16710","article-title":"Iatrogenic dermatitis in times of Covid-19: a pandemic within a pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reval.2021.10.011","article-title":"Contact dermatitis caused by elastic bands from surgical mask","volume":"62","author":"Bouabdella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Fr Allergol 2009"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13254","article-title":"Safety equipment: when protection becomes a problem","volume":"81","author":"Warshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13626","article-title":"Surgical mask dermatitis caused by formaldehyde (releasers) during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"83","author":"Aerts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103254","article-title":"Contact dermatitis due to personal protective equipment use and hygiene practices during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"74","author":"Sarfraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16692","article-title":"Retroauricular dermatitis with vehement use of ear loop face masks during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Bothra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12745","article-title":"Medical masks vs N95 respirators for preventing Covid-19 in healthcare workers: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"14","author":"Bartoszko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050845","article-title":"Exhaled air dispersion during coughing with and without wearing a surgical or N95 mask","volume":"7","author":"Hui","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01070-6","article-title":"Impact of respirator versus surgical masks on Sars-Cov-2 Acquisition in Healthcare Workers: a prospective multicentre cohort","volume":"11","author":"Haller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2021.11.013","article-title":"Do not lose sleep over mask allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"19","author":"Arrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.0305","article-title":"Formaldehyde-induced contact dermatitis from an N95 respirator mask","volume":"108","author":"Clawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14100","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis caused by elastic bands of an N95 mask","volume":"87","author":"Garrido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13599","article-title":"Mask-induced contact dermatitis in handling Covid-19 outbreak","volume":"83","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.001","article-title":"Wearing the N95 mask with a plastic handle reduces pressure injury","volume":"82","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17039","article-title":"Adverse skin reactions following different types of mask usage during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Chaiyabutr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13909","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13909","article-title":"The use of face masks during the Covid-19 pandemic in Poland: a survey study of 2315 young adults","volume":"33","author":"Matusiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03252","article-title":"Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks","volume":"14","author":"Konda","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2022.2047560","article-title":"Free formaldehyde in non-medical face masks purchased from the Japanese market since the Covid-19 outbreak","volume":"57","author":"Kawakami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17025","article-title":"Covid-19 in patients with cutaneous immune-mediated diseases in the Netherlands: real-world observational data","volume":"35","author":"de Wijs","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13091","article-title":"Cotton versus medical face mask influence on skin characteristics during Covid-19 pandemic: a short-term study","volume":"28","author":"Tasic-Kostov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.032","article-title":"Covid-19 and personal protective equipment: treatment and prevention of skin conditions related to the occupational use of personal protective equipment","volume":"83","author":"Desai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15460","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15460","article-title":"Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment during Covid-19 pandemic in Italian health care workers","volume":"35","author":"Proietti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e378","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16628","article-title":"Personal protective equipment induced facial dermatoses in healthcare workers managing coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13656","article-title":"Relationship between hand hygiene and cutaneous findings during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Altunisik Toplu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250869","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250869","article-title":"Online survey on healthcare skin reactions for wearing medical-grade protective equipment against Covid-19 in Hubei Province, China","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.212","article-title":"Dealing with skin reactions to gloves during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"42","author":"Tabary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13897","article-title":"Concomitant allergic contact dermatitis and Aquagenic Urticaria caused by personal protective equipment in a healthcare worker during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"85","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-001-0296-y","article-title":"Glove powder in the hospital environment -- consequences for healthcare workers","volume":"75","author":"Edelstam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2022.03.013","article-title":"Epidemiology of occupational dermatoses associated with personal protective equipment use in the Covid-19 pandemic: risk factors and mitigation strategies for frontline health care workers","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3551","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.5636.3551","article-title":"Skin injuries due to personal protective equipment and preventive measures in the Covid-19 context: An integrative review","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2020.08.004","article-title":"The physical and psychological effects of personal protective equipment on health Care Workers in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional survey study","volume":"46","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.25270\/wmp.2020.10.1216","article-title":"Problems encountered by nurses due to the use of personal protective equipment during the coronavirus pandemic: results of a survey","volume":"66","author":"Atay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wound Manag Prev"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20603","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020603","article-title":"The adverse skin reactions of health care workers using personal protective equipment for Covid-19","volume":"99","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11652","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.11652","article-title":"Difficulties encountered while using Ppe kits and how to overcome them: An Indian perspective","volume":"12","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00914.x","article-title":"Sweat dermatitis","volume":"39","author":"Mehta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23713","article-title":"Health problems and skin damages caused by personal protective equipment: experience of frontline nurses caring for critical Covid-19 patients in intensive care units","volume":"25","author":"Jose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab018","article-title":"Skin reactions to personal protective equipment among first-line Covid-19 healthcare workers: a survey in northern Morocco","volume":"65","author":"Marraha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.5636.3522","article-title":"Skin injuries due to personal protective equipment and preventive measures in the Covid-19 context: an integrative review","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2022.2084565","article-title":"Simulation of medical goggles to stop airborne transmission of viruses: computational fluid dynamics in ergonomics","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-01025-3","article-title":"The effect of eye protection on Sars-Cov-2 transmission: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Byambasuren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.014","article-title":"Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus Disease-2019","volume":"82","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002","article-title":"An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: mechanisms of the aerosols penetration","volume":"6","author":"Tcharkhtchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2021.1899730","article-title":"Covid-19 and dermatological personal protective equipment considerations","volume":"34","author":"Dowdle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"ref75","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref76","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1278","article-title":"Alcohol-based hand sanitizer\u2013composition, proper use and precautions","volume":"11","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071577","article-title":"Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers","volume":"14","author":"Villa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16431","article-title":"Indirect consequences of coronavirus disease 2019: skin lesions caused by the frequent hand sanitation and use of personal protective equipment and strategies for their prevention","volume":"49","author":"Graca","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15624","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15624","article-title":"Personal protective equipment-related dermatoses in Covid-19 frontline health workers. A lesson learned from 1-year single Center in the Uae","volume":"35","author":"Al Zaabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"9","article-title":"Moisturizers and cleansers in the Management of Skin Conditions Caused by personal protective equipment and frequent handwashing","volume":"26","author":"Mirali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Therapy Lett"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.07.057","article-title":"Hand hygiene during Covid-19: recommendations from the American contact dermatitis society","volume":"83","author":"Rundle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000072935","article-title":"Role of isopropyl Myristate, isopropyl alcohol and a combination of both in hydrocortisone permeation across the human stratum Corneum","volume":"16","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Appl Ski Physiol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13826","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13826","article-title":"Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis from Benzalkonium chloride in a tertiary dermatology Center in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"2021","author":"Dear","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00774.x","article-title":"Water disrupts stratum Corneum lipid lamellae: damage is similar to surfactants","volume":"113","author":"Warner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12758","article-title":"Effects of four soaps on skin trans-epidermal water loss and erythema index","volume":"18","author":"Khosrowpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmab011","article-title":"Fluctuating palmar erythema in a toddler during Covid-19 pandemic: do you know the offender?","volume":"67","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14133","article-title":"Hand hygiene and hand eczema: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.15570\/actaapa.2020.25","article-title":"Changes in dermatological complaints among healthcare professionals during the Covid-19 outbreak in Turkey","volume":"29","author":"Metin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Dermatol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010195","article-title":"Questionnaire-based study evaluating the hand hygiene practices and the impact of disinfection in the Covid-19 pandemic on hand skin conditions in Poland","volume":"12","author":"Polecka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19632","article-title":"Occupational dermatoses during the Covid-19 pandemic: a multicentre audit in the Uk and Ireland","volume":"184","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6627472","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6627472","article-title":"The prevalence and determinants of hand and face dermatitis during Covid-19 pandemic: a population-based survey","volume":"2020","author":"Alsaidan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15508","article-title":"Dermatological impact of hand hygiene practices during Covid-19: a cross-sectional web-based survey among doctors in a tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India","volume":"21","author":"Dash","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2021.75.361-365","article-title":"The effect of personal protective equipment (Ppe) and disinfectants on skin health during Covid 19 Pandemia","volume":"75","author":"Cebeci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19089","article-title":"Adverse skin reactions among healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a survey in Wuhan and its surrounding regions","volume":"183","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14034","article-title":"Assessment of hand hygiene strategies on skin barrier function during Covid-19 pandemic: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"86","author":"Montero-Vilchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-022-10608-5","article-title":"Spatial diffusion of Covid-19 in Algeria during the third wave","volume":"88","author":"Leveau","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxac020","article-title":"Efficacy of chemical disinfectants against Sars-Cov-2 on high-touch surface materials","volume":"2022","author":"Hardison","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","article-title":"How can airborne transmission of Covid-19 indoors be minimised?","volume":"142","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.07.014","article-title":"Disinfection methods against Sars-Cov-2: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Viana Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2020.09.005","article-title":"Dermatologic reactions to disinfectant use during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00548-y","article-title":"Pattern of disinfectants use and their adverse effects on the consumers after Covid-19 outbreak","volume":"18","author":"Dindarloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e2","article-title":"Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for Covid-19 prevention\u2013United States, May 2020","volume":"69","author":"Gharpure","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.038","article-title":"Disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis: An overview","volume":"44","author":"Rutala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13481","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis to Benzalkonium chloride with erythema Multiforme-like reaction in a child","volume":"82","author":"Tartari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12551","article-title":"Granular parakeratosis induced by Benzalkonium chloride exposure from laundry rinse Aids","volume":"58","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"128","article-title":"Granular parakeratosis secondary to Benzalkonium chloride exposure from common household laundry rinse Aids","volume":"134","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15127","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine-containing antiseptics and their excipients in children: a series of six cases","volume":"40","author":"Kefala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1189190\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T08:12:45Z","timestamp":1689927165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1189190\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1189190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1189190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"article-number":"1189190"}}